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AN 



INTRODUCTION 



TO 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



BY 
f 

WILLIAM F? ALLEN, A.M., 

v 
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE 
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 




BOSTON: 

GINN BROTHERS AND COMPAISTY, 

13, Beacon Street. 

1870. 



-n^' 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 3 870, by 

WILLIAM F. ALLEN, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



CAMBRIDGE? 
PRESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON. 



NOTE. 



These exercises are primarily designed as a training in Latin Syntax. 
It is taken for granted that the pupil has gone thoroughly through the 
Latin Lessons, or some other method of equal scope. No pains are 
taken, therefore, to illustrate the common rules of agreement and 
government. On the other hand, I have not aimed to introduce rare 
constructions and mere idiomatic expressions. It has seemed to me 
that the regular principles of prose construction should be the only 
object of attention at this stage of advancement ; and that the rarer 
idioms will be acquired with little effort by those who follow out an 
extended course of Latin reading. 

Nearly all the sentences in the Written Exercises are taken, without 
change, from classic authors. These sentences are translated as liter- 
ally as practicable ; still, it has been impossible to avoid a considerable 
variety of expression, so that the Vocabulary will be found to contain 
quite a wide range of words and meanings, considering the whole num- 
ber of sentences. I have thought it best not to provide special 
vocabularies for the several Lessons, nor many explanatory notes : it 
has been my desire to have the student acquire the habit of referring 
to grammar and vocabulary for general principles in the choice of 
words and constructions, rather than depend upon special directions 
in each case. It may be mentioned here, that in quotations from 
classic authors, the names of Caesar and Cicero, from whom the great 
majority of examples are taken, are not given, but only the name of 
the work : as, B. G., Gallic War ; Cat., Oration against Catiline. 

It is believed that these exercises can be taken up by any scholar 
who has gone thoroughly through the Latin Lessons. Still, except in 
the case of mature or unusually capable pupils, I should advise that 
some time should first be devoted to mere translation. The familiarity 
with vocabulary and constructions thus acquired will be the best 
preparation for writing. If the Latin Reader is used, I should let a 
class go through the extracts from Csesar, or even those from Curtius 
or Nepos, as rapidly as is consistent with accuracy, and with very 
little parsing. Then I should take up parsing again, and introduce 
the writing of exercises. However, all such rules must vary with 
different classes and teachers. 

University of Wisconsin, 
Madison, Wisconsin, June, 1870. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 



In these Lessons, constant reference has been made to the sec- 
tions of the Manual Latin Grammar ; and it is desired not only 
that the rules be learned, but that the examples given in the 
Grammar, and also in the Lessons, should be committed to mem- 
ory and carefully analyzed. This will be found a great help in 
doing the exercises. 

In using the Vocabulary, it will be noticed that the most general 
meaning comes first, and the distinctions in meaning of the words 
that follow are given with special reference to their use in these 
exercises. Therefore, where a list of several words is given, the 
student should compare these definitions, in order to determine 
which will best suit the case in hand ; if there appears to be no 
essential difference, it will be safest to take the first. 

Study the rules of arrangement in § 76 ; remembering that, in 
most cases, no particular order is essential, but that the same 
words may be variously arranged, according to the emphasis 
desired. Notice, too, that the Latin will often follow the succes- 
sion of thought in the mind of the writer, without the precise 
logical arrangement of English. 



CONTENTS. 



Substantive Clauses. 
lesson page 

1. I. Accusative with Infinitive 1 

2. Id. Verbs of hoping , &c 3 

3. Id. Verb understood, nego 4 

4. II. ut with Subjunctive 5 

III. Infinitive 5 

IV. Clauses with quod 5 

5. V. Indirect Questions . . 6 

6. Double or Alternative Questions 7 

7. VI. Impersonal Verbs 8 

8. Id. Exercises 9 

9. VII. Modifications of Predicate 10 

1. Adjectives 10 

2. Impersonals governing Dative ....... 10 

3. Limiting Genitive 10 

10. Id Exercises 10 

11. Participles 11 

12. Gerund and Gerundive 12 

13. Apposition. 

1. In Predicate • . 14 

2. After Verbs of Naming, &c 14 

3. Expressing Time or Condition 14 

-Genitive Case. 

14. 1. Genitive and Ablative of Quality 15 

2. Genitive of Apposition 15 

15. 3. Partitive Genitive 16 

4. Objective Genitive 16 

16. 5. Genitive after Verbs 17 



VI. CONTENTS. 

Dative Case. 

LESSON PAGE 

17. 1. Verbs of Indirect Influence 18 

2. Compounds of Prepositions 18 

18. 4. Verbs governing Dative and Accusative 19 

19. Id. Exercises 20 

20. 5. Dative of End, &c 21 

21. Accusative Case 22 

Ablative Case. 

22. Ablative after Verbs and Adjectives 23 

23. Ablative after Comparatives 24 

24. Ablative of Price, &c 25 

Time, etc. 

25. Time and Space 26 

26. Place, Dates . . 27 

Adjectives. 

27. Agreement of Adjectives 28 

Adjectives for Genitive 28 

Possessive Adjectives 28 

28. Other Uses of Adjectives 29 

Pronouns. 

29. Reflective and Intensive 30 

30. Relative 31 

31. Correlatives 32 

32. Indefinites. — aliquis, quis, &c 33 

33. „ quisque 34 

34. Use of Tenses 35 

35. Wishes and Commands 36 

36. Subordinate Clauses 37 

37. Conjunctions. — Asyndeton and Polysyndeton 39 

Anaphora 39 

38. Conditional Sentences, Future 40 

39. Id. Assumed as False 42 



CONTENTS. Vll. 

LESSON - PAGE 

40. Id. Implied 43 

41. Id. Comparative and Concessive Clauses 44 

42. Id. Use of cum 45 

43. Id. Temporal Clauses 46 

44. Causal Clauses 47 

45. Final Clauses 48 

46. Id. Exercises 49 

47. Consecutive Clauses 50 

48. Id. quin and quominus 51 

49. Id. Kelative Clauses 52 

50. Intermediate Clauses 53 

51. Id. Exercises 54 

52. Accusative with Infinitive 55 

53. Oratio Obliqua 56 

54. Epistle and Dialogue , 57 

55. The English Potential 58 

56. Id. Recapitulation 60 

57. Id. Exercises 62 

58. Further Uses of Relative 62 

59. General Exercises 64 

60. Epistle 64 

61. Anecdote 65 

62. Anecdote • 66 

63. Epistle 67 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



LESSON I. 

Substantive Clauses. 

§ 70. General Rule. See Supplement, p. 137. 

I. Accusative with the Infinitive. 

§ 67. General Rule, and i. 2. 

1. Verbs and other expressions of saying, thinking, observ- 
ing, &c, take an Accusative with an Infinitive (§ 52, vi.) as 
Object; as, 

Dicit montem ab hostibus teneri, he says that the mountain 
is held by the enemy (B. G. I. 22). 

Here the actual words of the speaker were : mons ab hos- 
tibus tenetur, the mountain is held by the enemy. The subject 
mons becomes accusative, montem, and the verb tenetur is put 
in the infinitive, teneri. 

Dicit scire se ilia esse vera, he says that he knows that those 
statements are true (B. G. I. 20). 

Here the subject of dicit is the clause scire . . . vera, the object 
of scire is ilia . . . vera. Standing by itself, it would be : ilia 
sunt vera, those things are true ; and in making this the object of 
scit, he knows, the nominative ilia becomes accusative, and the 
verb sunt becomes the infinitive esse. But again, scit ilia esse 
vera is made the object of dicit, when scit becomes scire, and its 
subject is put in the accusative. 

If the subject of scit is the same as the subject of dicit, — that 
is, if the speaker says that he himself knows, — the reflective pro- 
noun must be used, because this refers to the subject of the prin- 
cipal verb ; so we have dicit se scire, etc., he says that he himself 
knows. But if the speaker is talking about somebody else, the 



z LATIN COMPOSITION. 

accusative of is, ille, or hie must be used. Thus, dicit eum 
scire would mean, he (Marcus) says that he (Caius) knows. So 
dico me scire, I say that I know, &c. The sentence here analyzed 
illustrates the common case of one Accusative with the Infinitive 
depending upon another. 

Some verbs require the reflective in Latin which do not in Eng- 
lish; thus, simulat se esse bonum, he pretends to be good So 
sometimes verbs of desiring (§ 68, n.) ; as, cupio me esse cle- 
mentem, I desire to be merciful (Cat. I. 2). 

, I: The TenSG ° f the Infinit ^e to be used is determined by 
§ 57, iv. The Present Infinitive expresses incomplete or in- 
definite action; the Perfect, complete action (§ 27, vi. end) 
whether in present, past, or future time. Thus, 
dicit se scire, he says that he knows, now ; but 
dixit se scire, he said that he knew, then ; and 
dicebat se scire, he used to say that he knew; or, 

he was saying, etc., when something else occurred. 
Or, for incomplete action, actually going on : 
" dicit se ridere, he says that he is laughing, now ; 
dixit se ridere, he said that he was laughing, then. 

For complete action : 
dicit se risisse,^ says that he has laughed, but has ceased; 
dixit se risisse, he said that he had laughed, but had ceased. 

In like manner, the future infinitive : 
dicit se venturum [esse], he says that he will come. 
dixit se venturum, he said that he would come 

■ v°7\~ ll l f aUSeS ° f th!s kind ' the word that is of ten omitted 
in English, and has no equivalent in Latin. 

Tbanslate into Latin. 
1. We know that Caasar is absent. 2. You think that he is 
your enemy. 3. He says that he is well. 4. He supposed thai 
Marcus wou d not come 5 I saw tW «,„ u PP°sea that 

J™ ft Ti. *i , ,' the arm y was approach- 

ing. 6 They thought we should be absent. 7. I feel that I am 
merciful. 8. Ca^ar understood that I was his friend. 9 I pre- 
tended to be mad. 10. He pretends to be your friend. II Who 
desires that we be negligent? 12. We are mindful that we are 
mortal. 13. There was a rumor thaj Cassar was dead. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 3 



LESSON II. 

Accusative with the Infinitive (continued). 

It is sometimes difficult to tell which tense of the infinitive 
should be used. After verbs of hoping and promising, the 
future is used, when the act has reference to future time 
(§ 67, in. 2) ; as, 

spero te mox venturum [esse], I hope you will come soon ; but 
spero te valere, / hope you are (now) well. 

So, after a past tense, the present infinitive is used to represent 
the pluperfect in English. 

Oral Exercises. 

I hope that Caesar will come. I hope to come. He promised 
that I should have a province. He promised to give [to'] me a 
province. He said that Marcus was absent. He said that Marcus 
had been absent. He expects to meet us. He expects that we 
shall meet Cato. He expected that we should meet Cato. They 
declared that we had been neglected. I think that she has been 
* neglected. I thought that she was neglected. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I hope that King Deiotarus will send ambassadors to us. 2. 
We hope that you are no-longer * [jam non, § 41, n. 2] distressed 
in mind. 3. He promises speedily to come with all his forces to 
our camp. 4. Who promised that we should see the ocean to-day ? 
5. He thinks that you have not-yet written the letter. 6. He 
thought that I had not-yet written-out the oration. 7. The consul 
supposed that the enemy had already crossed the river; the enemy 
1 waited, hoping that the consul would lead his forces across. 8. I 
hope that you will be even firmer. 9. What did you suppose that 
those said who saw (this) ? what (did you suppose) f that those 
thought who heard it? 10. The Carnutes declare that they shrink 
from no peril, and the chiefs promise to make war. 



* Words connected by a hyphen are rendered by a single Latin expression. 
f Words enclosed in a parenthesis are not to be rendered into Latin. 



4 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON III. 

Accusative with the Infinitive (continued). 

1. The word which governs the Accusative with the Infini- 
tive is often understood ; as, 

Aedui legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, rogatum auxilium; 
[dicentes] ita se meruisse, etc. ; the ^Eduans send deputies 
to Ccesar to ask for help, [saying] that they had deserved so 
well, etc. (B. G. I. 11). 

2. When the Substantive Clause is negative, nego is com- 
monly used instead of dico . . . non ; as, 

negat se posse [=ait se non posse], he says that he cannot 
(B. G. I. 8). 

Translate into Latin. 

1. You are distressed in mind. 2. I hear that you are dis- 
tressed in mind. 3. This (illud) troubles me, that three cohorts 
are absent. 4. He is chasing a monkey. 5. He answers that he 
is chasing a monkey. 6. He answered that he was chasing a mon- 
key. 7. He says that you cannot write to me. 8. He says that 
you could not [were not able'] write to me. 9. He said that 
you could not (at that time) write to me. 10. He said that you 
could not have written to me. 1 11. They rejoice at having learned 
[§ 70, in. ; that they themselves have learned]. 12. They rejoice 
that they [other persons] have learned. 13. King Deiotarus sent 
ambassadors to me, (saying) that he would come with all his forces 
into my camp. 14. I hear that you are distressed in mind, and 
that the physician says you suffer from this. 2 15. Caesar orders 
the cavalry to be led out of the camp [§ 68, in.] . 16. He said 
that the city was not sufficiently fortified. 17. He did not say that 
the city was sufficiently fortified. 18. The young-man hopes to 
live long. 19. We hope soon to finish (our) work. 

1 Could not have written == were not able to write ; therefore, use 
perf. inf. of possum, with pres. inf. of scribo. 

2 From = out of ; ex. This must be rendered by is. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES, 



LESSON IV. 

Substantive Clauses {continued), 
II. Ut with the Subjunctive, § 70, i. ; the tense to be used 
is determined by the rule for sequence of tenses, § 57 ; as, 

curavi ut cum auctoritatc regnaret, / saw to it that he should 

reign icith authority (Fam. XV. 4). 

Here, the object of curavi, I saw to it, is the clause ut . . . reg- 
naret. The same object would stand after the pluperfect, curave- 
ram; but after the present euro, or the perfect definite curavi 
(§ 27, in. 3), the present subjunctive would be used; as, curavi 
ut regnet, / have seen to it that he should reign. 

Verbs of this class are facio, cause ; ef&cio, bring to jpass ; 
perficio, carry through ; committo, be at fault (in doing a thing) ; 
also, verbs of commanding, entreating, and the like. Negative 
clauses take ut non (result) or ne (purpose) . 

III. The simple Infinitive, § 58, iv. 

IV. Quod with the Indicative or Subjunctive, § 70, IV. 

Oral Exercises. 
I cause that the Romans fight. I will cause that the Romans 
fight. I caused that the Romans fought. I have caused that the 
Romans fight. I had caused that the Romans fought. We will bring 
(it) to pass that he depart. He grieves because you are not well. 
I wished to come. To sleep — that is, to dream. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I brought (it) about that he departed out-of the kingdom. 
2. They caused the departure to seem [caused that the departure 
seemed'] just-like a fight. 3. I wish, fathers, to cross the Tiber, 
and enter the camp of the enemy. 4. What more befits a good 
and peaceful man, and a good citizen, than to stand aside from 
civil disputes ? 5. I for-my-part will not make-the-mistake of 
giving [that I give to~\ you some ground of refusing. 6. The 
senate decreed that the consul should inquire into [de] this 
affair. 7. I ask of you that you love and defend me. 8. He 
commands the Ubians to lead away (§ 68, nr.) (their) flocks, and 
convey all their [§ 47, in.] (possessions) from the fields into the 
towns. 9. He promises to write to me. 



6 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON V. 

Substantive Clauses (continued), 
V. Indirect Questions. §§ 71, i. and 1 ; 67, i. 1. 

An Indirect Question is an interrogative expression, put as 
the object or subject of a verb ; as, 
quis habet Etruriam? who has Etruria ? 
video quis habeat Etruriam, I see who has Etruria (Cat. II. 6). 

Here, the question being put as object of the verb video, takes 
the subjunctive. It would be the same if made the subject of the 
verb ; as, non constat quis habeat Etruriam, it is not known 
who has Etruria, where the clause quis . . . Etruriam is subject of 
constat. 

Oral Exercises. 

Who will go with me ? What (§ 21, n. 2) soldier will go with 
us ? Will any one [num -quis or ecquis] follow Caesar ? He 
does not say who will go with you. I do not know whether any 
one will go with us. Where are you? I cannot tell where I am. 
With whom are you fighting ? Do you see with whom you are 
fighting ? Do you not see me ? I ask whether you do not see 
me. I asked whether you had seen Marcus. I wished to know 
whether you were absent. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. Was (there) a cause of hatred? 2. Was there (then) a 
cause of hatred ? [No.] 3. Was there not a cause of hatred? 
4. What cause of hatred was there? 5. What was the cause 
of hatred? 6. I do not know what cause of hatred there was. 
7. I do not know whether there was a cause of hatred. 8. See 
what I have taken upon [to] myself! 9. See how great mild- 
ness there is in you ! 10. How do these matters stand? 11. How 
these matters stand, I dare not relate, even (§ 41, n. 5) in a letter. 
12. Fearing to inquire which (of the two, § 16, i. end) was Porsena, 
he kills the secretary, instead-of the king. 13. You ask what 
pleases me most. 14. I do not see what can be more suited to a 
good man, than to stand aside from civil disputes. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 7 

LESSON VI. 

Double or Alternative Questions. § 71, n. 

A Double Question is one that is asked in such a way as to 
imply that one of two alternatives must be true. Thus, 

Caesarne an Pompeius fuit? would imply an assurance that 
it was one of the two ; but Caesarne aut Pompeius fuit? would 
be a single question, implying that it may have been neither of them. 
Both are rendered in English alike, was it Ccesar or Pompey ? but 
the alternative question would have a falling inflection, expecting 
the answer, Ccesar or Pompey ; while the single question would have 
a rising inflection, expecting the answer, yes or wo. 

For or not annon is generally used in direct questions, 
necne in indirect. 

Oral Exercises. 

Shall it be you or I ? Do you give us peace or war ? Is Caesar 
to be [futurus est] king or emperor ? Is Caesar to be king or 
not ? I do not know whether Caesar is to be king or emperor. 
Are we (then) slaves ? Did he pretend to be Nero or Galba ? 
He did not say whether he was Nero or not. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I am uncertain whether I am pushed by the sword or by fam- 
ine. 2. Often it is asked, not whether a thing is (true) or not, 
but of-what-sort it is. 3. (It) is asked earnestly whether it was done 
or not. 4. Did the Picene land follow the mad-counsels of the 
tribunes [§ 47, v.], or the authority of the consuls ? 5. Did (then) 
conscience, as [id quod] is wont to happen, make you timid and 
suspicious ? 6. Doubt now, judges, if you can, by whom Sextus 
Roscius was killed; by him who, on account of his death, lives in 
poverty and in (the midst of) plots, or by those who avoid investi- 
gation, (and) possess the property [bona]. 7. I am very much 
vexed, because I do not know where I shall see you. 



8 LATIN COMPOSITION, 

LESSON VII. 

Impersonal Verbs. § 39. 

In their construction, there are four classes of so-called Im- 
personal Verbs. 

1. Those purely impersonal, which have no subject at 
all: as, 

grandinat, it hails ; peccatur, there is sinning (§ 39, 4 and 5) . 

2. Those which have an Infinitive as subject (§ 39, 1) ; 
these generally govern the dative : as, 

libet mini jocari, it pleases me to joke (Fam. III. 11). 

To this class belong licet, it is permitted ; libet, it is pleasing ; 
placet, it is thought best ; necesse est, it is necessary ; and cer- 
tum est, it is determined : decet, it is becoming, governs the ac- 
cusative. 

Oportet, it behooves ; constat, it is well agreed ; and occasion- 
ally those given above, take the accusative with the infinitive ; as, 

esse aliquod caput placebat, it was thought proper that there 
should be some head (Liv. I. 17). Here esse . . . caput is sub- 
ject of placebat. 

The passive of verbs of saying, &c, is often used in this way 
(§ 67, iv. 1) : thus, we may say either Crassus dicitur abesse, 
Crassus is said to be absent, or dicitur Crassum abesse, it is 
said that Crassus is absent, where Crassum abesse is subject of 
dicitur. 

3. Those which have an ut clause as subject (negatively, ut 
non),§§39, 3; 70, m. 

To this class belong accidit and contigit, it happens ; restat, 
and reliquum est, it remains ; fit, it happens; futurum est, it is 
going to happen; mos est, it is customary, &c. Clauses with 
quod, § 70, iv., may also be used as subject of a verb. 

4. Those mentioned in § 39, 2. See Lesson XVI. 

Note. — With impersonal verbs, the word it is used in Eng- 
lish, but is not to be rendered into Latin. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES, 



Oral Exercises. 



It is permitted to you [you may] to set out. May I go with 
you ? He might have done this [it was permitted to him to do this] . 
It will please us to call-upon you. It behooves Caesar [Ccesar ought] 
to be angry. It behooved me not to be angry [/ ought not to 
have been angry] . It does not become you to lie. It remains 
that we mourn. It remained that we mourned. It is raining. 
You see that it is raining. It is well agreed that Romulus founded 
Rome. It happened that Csesar was present. I [dat.] am deter- 
mined to advance. The consul thought best [it pleased the con- 
sul] to convene the senate. You have leave [it is permitted] to 
depart. It follows that you have leave to depart. We ought to 
rejoice. He said that I ought not to delay. It was said that 
Caesar had been defeated. It seems (true) that virtue is sufficient 
for itself. 



LESSON VIII. 

Translate into Latin. 

1 . It was necessary [necesse] for me to set out for the province 
with military-power. 2. It happened, contrary to my will, and 
beyond (my) expectation, that it was necessary for me to go into 
the province with military power. 3. It has rained stones [abl.] 
on the Alban Mount. 4. It was announced to king and senate 
[patres] that it had rained stones on the Alban Mount. 5. It 
happened that the consuls investigated concerning a great and 
horrible affair. 6. He said that it happened that the consuls in- 
vestigated concerning a great and horrible affair. 7. It is proper 
to write out one speech out of so many. 8. I have judged it proper 
[that it is proper] to write out one speech out of so many. 9. 
Which-of-the-two killed Sextus Roscius ? 10. It remains, that we 
are in doubt (as to) this [hoc], which of the two killed Sextus 
Roscius. 11. There-is-running from all parts [locus] of the city 
into the forum. 12. He said that it had never pleased him that 
Avaricum was defended. 13. It follows that you do not know how 
these matters stand. 14. It is enough not to be a liar. 1 

1 This should properly be an accusative with the infinitive, se 
esse, &c, that one is not, &c, but se is omitted. 



10 LATIN COMPOSITION, 



LESSON IX. 

Substantive Clauses, continued. 
Modifications of the Predicate. 

1. When a substantive clause is used as subject of the copula 
est (§ 45, 3) or of a neuter or passive verb, an adjective in the 
predicate agreeing with it must be neuter ; § 47, iv. (3) ; as, 

est omnibus perspicuum deos esse, it is clear to all that 
there are gods (N. D. II. 9) ; here, perspicuum agrees with 
the clause deos esse, with which it is connected by the copula 
est. 

2. With impersonal verbs which govern the dative, an 
adjective with esse will be either in the accusative, or, by 
preference, in the dative : as, 

libet mini esse otioso [or otiosum], / like to take my ease; 
but, non oportet te esse otiosum, and non debes esse 
otiosus, you ought not to take your ease. 

3. Often a genitive in the predicate limits a substantive 
clause which is subject of the sentence (§ 50, I. 1) ; as, 

timidi [hominis] est optare necem, it belongs to a coward to 
desire death (Ov. Met. IV. 115) ; here timidi limits the clause 
optare necem, which is subject of est. 

a. This common form of expression may sometimes be rendered 
in English by such words as mark, duty, characteristic, &c. ; as, it 
the mark of a coward, &c., or it is for a coward to desire, &c. 

b. The genitive of the personal pronouns cannot be used in 
this way (§ 19, in.), but the neuter of the possessive adjectives 
must be used instead ; as, non tuum est optare necem, it is not 
characteristic of you to desire death. 

Oral Exercises. 

To err is human. It is easy to do this. Is it not shameful to 
lie ? It is for a wise (man) to despise empty honors. It shows wis- 
dom to reject folly. It is not for you to say this. It is shameful 
for him to do so. It is (the duty) of the consuls to defend the 
city. It is our (privilege) to die for [§ 51, i. note] (our) coun- 
try. You have leave to be neutral. They ought to be ready. 



SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 11 

The consuls think it best to be watchful. They had made up 
their minds [certum erat] to be faithful. It becomes you to be 
modest. 



LESSON X. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. It is a serious (thing) to be accused with- truth. 2. He 
thought (it) dangerous to enter within the guard. 3. It is a 
Roman (virtue) both to do and to suffer bravely [brave things'] . 
4. It marks a wicked man to deceive bv falsehood ; it is shameful 
to change (one's) opinion. 5. It is uncertain what will chance. 
6. It was (a mark) of valor to have served in that war. 7. To 
manage (one's) business ill is (worthy) of a madman. 8. It seems 
to you a royal (act) to despise all lusts, to think [sentire] freely in 
the senate. 9. It is for a poor (man) to count (his) flock. 10. 
In so great perils, it is for you, Marcus Cato, to see what is going 
on. 11. Is it for an orator to wish to excite laughter? 12. We 
ask whether it is for an orator to wish to excite laughter. 13. 
This very (thing) is (the mark) of a great [summus] orator, to 
seem a great orator [ace] to the people. 14. It was more glo- 
rious to contend with him than not to have (any) adversary 
at all. 15. We understand that it was permitted him to be un- 
harmed. 



LESSON XL 

Participles. §§72; 54, x. 

The participle in rus often expresses intention : as, 
locuturus, going to speak. 

Translate into Latin. 

1 . The letters (which had been) given made the crime manifest. 
2. They beg that they be not deserted by the rest, now that a com- 
mencement of war has been made. 1 3. They announce to our ambas- 
sadors that they have returned because they feared the perfidy of 
the Bituriges. 4. The townsmen, terrified, seized those by whose 
means they thought the rabble had been stirred up, and led them 
to Caesar. 5. He sent colonists to Signia and Circeii, who should 



12 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

be a defence \_plurJ] to the city by land and sea. 6. Tt was an- 
nounced to Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (while) ploughing, that 
he had been made dictator. 7. After recovering this town, he 
trusted that he would reduce the state of the Bituriges into his 
power. 8. There is behind me a long line of those who seek the 
same honor. 9. Are you going to take upon yourself so great 
labor, so great hostilities of so many men ? 

Anecdote. 

After Publius and Gnaeus Scipio had been overwhelmed in 
Spain, with the greater part of their army, and all the nations of 
that province had accepted [sequor] the friendship of the Cartha- 
ginians, since no one of our generals dared to proceed thither to 
correct matters [ace. of gerundive with ad] , Publius Scipio, then 
in [agens] his twenty-fourth year, promised to go. By which 
spirit-of -confidence, indeed, he gave hope of safety and victory 
to the Roman people. 

Words put in italics, but not in brackets, illustrate some principle of the lesson. 



LESSON XII. 

Gerund and Gerundive. §§ 73 ; 51, vm. Supines. § 74. 
The Gerundive is always passive, but it is often best to 
turn it into an active construction in English ; as, 

est videndum quid deceat oratori, (we) must see what befits an 

orator (Orat. 21). Here, videndum agrees with quid . . . 

oratori, which is subject of est ; literally, what befits an orator 

must be seen, or it must be seen, &c. 

So with the gerundive when used for the gerund ; thus, comi- 
tia consulibus creandis is equivalent to comitia consules 
creando, comitia for appointing consuls (Liv. XXXV . 24) . 

Oral Exercises. 
He is desirous of fighting. We are fond of sailing. While 
[inter] writing. By running. Of entering the city. Of enter- 
ing the fields. On account of managing this affair. For [ad] 
committing battle. We must fight. Caesar must lead forth the 
army. The censors gave a contract for building a temple. 



GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. 13 



Translate into Latin. 

1. Plans have been formed in this state, of destroying the city, 
slaughtering the citizens, (and) extinguishing the Roman name. 
2. He dedicated places for performing the sacrifices, which the 
pontiaces call Argei. 3. We must contend with [§ 54, n. note, 
near end] luxury, with madness, with crime. 4. He sends 
his son Aruns with part of the forces to besiege Aricia. 5. We 
must see what comes into dispute [§42, iv.]. 6. It is hard to 
tell in how great odium we are with [apud] foreign nations. 7. 
It seems necessary-to-speak [that it must be spokeii] concerning the 
choice of a commander [concerning choosing, (fee] for this war. 

8. The memory must be trained by learning word-by- word as 
many writings as possible [§ 17, 5] , both our (own) and foreign. 

9. I have not done this for the sake of exciting you, but of testifying 
my love. 10. He gave four legions to Labienus to lead [to be led] 
among [§ 56, i. 1] the Senones. 11. First I seek peace and indul- 
gence from Jupiter, best (and) greatest, and the other immortal 
gods and goddesses, and pray from them that they suffer this day to 
have shone upon (us), both to preserve the safety of this (man), 
and to establish the common welfare. 

Anecdote. 

While Camillus was besieging the Faliscans [dat. of Camillus, 
with present participle], a school-master delivered (to him) the 
children of the Faliscans, whom he had led forth outside the walls, 
as if for the sake of walking, saying, that the state would neces- 
sarily do (what was) commanded, 1 for (the purpose of) getting 
back those hostages. Camillus not only spurned the treachery, 
but also gave over to the boys their master, (with) his hands 
bound behind his back [plur.], to drive him [gerundive] with rods 
to their parents, (thus) obtaining by kindness the victory which 
he had not desired by fraud ; for the Faliscans, on account of 
this justice, surrendered to him of their own accord. 

1 = the things commanded. 



14 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XIII. 
Apposition. § 46. 

1. A word in apposition with another is often connected 
with it by a neuter or passive verb, with which it forms a 
predicate ; as, 

erat dictator Lanuvii Milo, Milo was dictator at Lanuvium 
(Mil. 10). 

2. So after a verb of naming or choosing, two accusatives 
are used in apposition with each other. § 52, in. (3) ; as, 

dictatorem L. Fapirium Crassum dixit, he created Lucius 

Papirius Crassus dictator (Liv. VIII. 12). 

When the verb becomes passive, both nouns are put in the nomi- 
native ; as, dictator L. Crassus dictus est. 

3. A noun in apposition is often used to express the time or 
the condition in which a person does any thing ; as, 

ego Q. Maximum senem adolescens dilexi, / when a youth 
loved Quintus Maximus, an old man (de Sen. 4). 

Oral Exercises. 
Caesar was conqueror of the Gauls. Zenobiawas conqueror of 
the Persians. I shall, be created consul. The boy was called 
Milo. I understand that the boy was called Milo. Cicero, when 
consul, suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. Publius Africanus had been twice consul, and had destroyed 
the two terrors of this empire, Carthage and Numantia, when 
he accused Lucius Cotta. 2. A great part of goodness is to wish 
to become good. 3. Hardly anyone [nemo fere] dances (when) 
sober, unless by chance he is crazy. 4. History, the witness of 
times, the light of truth, the life of memory, the mistress of life, 
the messenger of antiquity, — by what voice but that of the ora- 
tor [what other voice unless (that) of the orator~] is (she) com- 
mended to immortality? 5. He was at Athens (when) a youth ; 
he had turned out a perfect Epicurean, — a class not at all suited 
to speaking. 



GENITIVE. 15 

LESSON XIV. 

Genitive Case. 

1. Genitive and Ablative of Quality. § 50, 1. 2 ; 54, n. end. 
It may be noted that bodily peculiarities require the Abla- 
tive; as, 

capillo sunt promisso, they have long, hanging hair (B. G. V. 14) . 

2. Genitive of Apposition. § 50, i. 3 ; as, 

nomen insaniae, the name insanity (Tusc. III. 4), which might 
equally well be nomen insania, inasmuch as the words mean 
the same thing, and would properly be in apposition with each 
other. 

Note. — It is, for this reason, impossible to define Apposition 
and Limiting Genitive in such a way as to distinguish them abso- 
lutely from one another. 

Oral Exercises. 

Cicero was of great eloquence. An animal with long ears. It 
is a thing requiring [pf~\ the greatest care. The Greeks were (men) 
of peculiar subtlety. A wall of eighty-eight feet. A man of sena- 
torial rank. A journey of several days. A house with thick walls. 
We seem to be of little spirit. A youth of great name. The city 
of Padua. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. King Deiotarus, a man of marked good- will and fidelity to- 
wards the Roman people, sent ambassadors to me. 2. The Ti- 
barani, (men) of equal crime and audacity, were neighbors to these. 
3. I have written many things to Curio, a most genial man, and 
of the highest (sense of) duty and refinement. 4. The youth 
turned out (to be) of a truly royal nature. 5. Your letters have 
the greatest weight in my estimation [apud me]. 6. He did not 
refuse the surname of Brutus. 7. This ship was of incredible swift- 
ness. 8. This name of poet is sacred in your eyes [apud vos], 
(you, who are) most cultivated men. 9. He was of quite great 
spirit and judgment. 10. They asserted that the Germans were of 
immense size of body, incredible valor, and experience in arms. 



16 LATIN COMPOSITION, 



LESSON XV. 

Genitive (continued) . 

3. A Partitive Genitive is very often used with neuter adjec- 
tives, adverbs, &c, of quantity, where we should expect an 
adjective, to agree with a noun. § 50, n. 3 and 4 ; as, 

aliquid novi consilii, some new [something of a new] design 

(B. G. IV. 32). 
tantum roboris, so much [of] vigor (Liv. I. 14) 
nihil reliqui, nothing [of] remaining (B. G. I. 11). 

4. The Objective Genitive is sometimes used where a dative 
or ablative might stand. § 50, in. 2 and 4 ; as, 

plena lictorum provincia, a province full of lictors (B. C. 
III. 32.) Here, a later writer would, very likely, have said lic- 
toribus. 

The Objective Genitive maybe expressed by various prep- 
ositions irf English ; as, for, towards, in, with. 

Oral Exercises. 
Much pleasure. Enough time. But-little bravery. Not enough 
soldiers. Some wisdom. Like a lion. Common to all. Peculiar 
to us. No prosperity [adj.']. Envy of Cicero. Eager for glory. 
Skilled in law. Hatred of us [§ 19, in.']. An opportunity for 
jesting. Hatred towards Nero. A contention with Pompey. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. In my affairs, there is absolutely nothing new. 2. I had a 
night full of fear and wretchedness. 3. This whole topic seems 
appropriate to philosophers. 4. I will entreat you to impart [§ 70, 
I.] some of your geniality to me too, and to Catulus. 5. Crassus, 
with [in] the greatest affability, had also sufficient sternness. 6. 
Gorgias judged that this was especially peculiar to an orator, — to 
be able to enhance a subject by praising (it), and again ruin it by 
disparaging. 7. I have less strength than either of you (two). 
8. Begin, if you have any spirit. 9. No aid ought [oportet] to 
be brought. 10. They decided that no assistance, no aid, no help, 
ought to be brought by them [themselves] to men guilty of [bound 
ly~\ so great a crime. 



GENITIVE. 17 



Tullius's Epistle to Tekentia. 

If you are well, it is well. We had determined, as I had writ- 
ten to you before, to send Cicero to meet [ob viam, governing 
dat.~\ Caesar, but we have changed our plan, because we heard noth- 
ing of [de] his arrival. As to [de] the other matters, although 
there was nothing (of) new, nevertheless you will be able to learn 
from Sicca what we wish, and what we think to be needful at this 
time [§ 55, i.] . I keep Tullia still with me. Take care of your 
health sedulously. Farewell. 



LESSON XVI. 
Genitive after Verbs. § 50, iv. 

Oral Exercises. 

I am ashamed of my folly. They were tired of life. Do you 
recollect the battle of Cannae [Cannensis] ? I shall not forget 
that man. It concerns me that you are well [ace. with inf.']. It 
concerned the republic to remember this. Who accused Marcus 
of treason? 

Translate into Latin. 

1. Publius Sextius, praetor elect, was convicted of bribery. 2. 
These benefits you have from me, whom you falsely-charge with trea- 
son. 3. It concerns each province [of two] to subdue Amanus. 
4. Already before, I had made-up-my-mind that it seriously con- 
cerned each province to subdue Amanus. 5. I am tired of the 
business. 6. It is incredible how tired of the business I am. 7. 
I, although I am dissatisfied with myself, am yet chiefly joined in 
comparison with him. 8. The Athenian state [of the Athenian*] 
is said to have been very wise (§ 17, v. 4), while it possessed 
power. 9. Men pitied not more the punishment than the crime. 
10. It greatly concerns both of us [two], that I see you. 11. 
From that oration he is reminded of your crime and cruelty. 

2 



18 LATIN COMPOSITION, 

LESSON XVII. 

Dative Case. 

1. The Dative stands after many verbs which express an indi- 
rect influence upon the object ; as, to be favorably or unfavor- 
ably disposed, harmful or beneficial, agreeable or disagreeable, 
&c. § 51, in. 

2. So with the compounds, both transitive and intransitive, 
of many prepositions, the noun upon which the force of the 
preposition is directed is put in the dative. § 51, v. 

Neuter verbs which govern the dative can in the passive be 
used only impersonally, when they still govern the dative ; as, 

mini credite, believe me (Cat. II. 7). Mihi creditur, credence 
is given to me ; trust is placed in me, — that is, I am believed. 

Exercises. 

I do not envy you. You are not envied by me. He spared no 
one. I cannot believe Cato. We will not be angry with the legion. 
This was-advanta^eous to the state. Who can resist Caesar ? Can 
Caesar be resisted ? [no] . The Romans favored Masinissa. He 
had snatched a Way power from you. The woman cursed him. 
Those men must be pardoned. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. He chiefly gives-attention to the cavalry. 2. Most-of the 
youth, but especially (those) of the nobles, were favorable to Cati- 
line's schemes. 3. We, the Roman youth, declare this war against 
you. 4. I desire to satisfy this (man). 5. That military glory 
must be preferred to your formulas and processes. 6. You will, 
doubtless, place this king above all the kings with whom the Roman 
people have carried on war. 7. They placed this [o/] consolation 
before themselves. 8. You will pardon my haste, and the short- 
ness of (my) letter. 9. That (degree) of burden is placed upon us 
by the desires of these youths. 1.0. Acts-of-injustice began to be 
committed by the chiefs upon the commonalty, who, until this day 
[§ 13, 2], had been courted with the greatest eagerness. 11. Tell 
me, Marcus Pinarius, if I speak \_fut. perf.~\ against you, are you 
going-to-abuse me, as you have done to the others ? As you sow, 



DATIVE. 19 

[fut. per/.] so shall you reap, said he. 12. Both the condition 
of the accuser and the power of the unfriend shall be respected. 
13. What heavier punishment can happen to a man than that his 
letters should not be believed ? 



LESSON XVIII. 

Dative (continued). 

3. Verbs which govern both Dative and Accusative (§ 51, 
in. end) may be used personally in the Passive, the Accusa- 
tive becoming Subject Nominative, and the Dative remain- 
ing unaltered ; as, 

omnibus civitatibus obsides imperat, he demands hostages of 
[to'] all the states (B. G. VII. 4) ; in the passive, omnibus 
civitatibus obsides imperantur. 

4. So with those which govern either dative or accusative 
(§ 37, iv.) : in their transitive use they may be used person- 
ally in the passive ; in their intransitive use, only imperson- 
ally: as, 

consulit me, he consults me ; consulor, / am consulted ; consu- 
lit mini, he consults my interests ; consulitur mini, my interests 
are consulted. 

Oral Exercises. 
We do not fear Catiline. We fear for the city. He consulted 
Caius. He consulted for (the interests of) Caesar. We take 
counsel against Cato. I believe you. I trust this boy to you. 
Can you control the tempests? I guard-against you. I am- cau- 
tious for you. Who compares Caesar with [or to~] Pompey ? He 
commanded us (to do) this. Did you threaten him with death 
[death to him] ? I do not envy you your fortune. We foresaw 
danger. We provided for your safety. The Samnites are per- 
suaded of this. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. He commands the cavalry to strike [ut with subj.] as great 
terror as possible [§ 17, v. 5] into the enemy. 2. They entreat 
(him) to consult his own fortunes. 3. He could not- persuade any 
state of the Germans. 4. Nor, nevertheless, could any state of the 
Germans be persuaded to cross the Rhine. 



20 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XIX. 

, Translate into Latin. 

1. If my authority has any [quid] weight with [apud] you, I 
earnestly exhort and advise you to consult for (the interests of) 
these provinces. 2. The interests of these provinces were con- 
sulted. 3. He compares his (own old age) to the old age of a 
spirited and victorious horse. 4. This one (thing) I do not know, 
whether to congratulate you or fear (for you). 5. It seems to 
you a kingly (thing) so to live that you not only serve \_pres. 
subj.~\ no man [nemo] , but not even any passion ; to despise 
all lusts ; to want not gold, nor [non] silver, nor other posses- 
sions [res] ; to think freely in the senate, to consult rather for the 
advantage of the people, than (its) desires ; to yield to no one, to 
resist many. If you think this to be kingly, I confess that I am 
a king. 6. Did not this Magnus (of) ours, who made (his) 
fortune equal to [or witJi] his virtue, present Theophanes of 
Mitylene with the citizenship, in an assembly of the soldiers ? 
7. Caesar commanded those states which had joined his friendship, 
(to furnish) cattle. 8. Do you think that the glory of that 
victory is shared by you [dat.~] with Marcus Crassus or Gmeus 
Pompey ? 

Epistle. 

King Alexander to Darius. Darius, whose name you have 
taken, laid waste with all (kinds of) destruction the Greeks, who 
occupy the coast of the Hellespont, and the Ionian colonies of the 
Greeks. Then with a great army he crossed the sea, carrying 
war \_dbl. abo.~\ upon Macedonia and Greece. Again, Xerxes, 
of the same race, came to attack [gerundive] us with troops of sav- 
age barbarians ; who, defeated in a naval battle, yet left Mardo- 
nius in Greece, that even [quoque] (when) absent he might lay 
waste cities, burn fields [§ 64, i.]. But who is ignorant that 
Philip, my parent, was slain by those whom your (followers, § 47, 
in.) had tempted by the hope of a great sum-of-money ? There- 
fore, I repel, not excite, war. Nevertheless, if you come [fut. 
perf.~] (as) a suppliant, I promise that you shall receive, without 
price, both your mother and your wife and [your] children. I 
know (how) both to conquer and to consider the conquered. 



DATIVE. 21 

LESSON XX. 
Dative Case (concluded). § 51, i. end. vi. vn. vm. 

All these Datives come under the general head of Advan- 
tage and Disadvantage. 

The Dative of the End (§ 51, vn.) may be variously ren- 
dered for, as, or with such expressions as to be considered, to 
be a source of, to serve as. 

A Dative may also follow many neuter and passive verbs ; 
as, quid mini [or me § 54 ;] net ? what will happen to me ? 

Oral Exercises. 
This must be done by Caesar. We must go with him. I have 
a father. Cato had much judgment. It was a source of pleasure. 
Eloquence is a delight to me. They sent troops as aid. Hannibal 
must set out. His oration was a great assistance to us. Caesar 
had many legions. What has happened to Caius? What do you 
wish I for yourself] ? 

Translate into Latin. 
1. I have with Murena a great and long-established friendship. 
2. Innocence has more peril than (it has) honor. 3. Tiberius 
Sempronius, whose surname was Longus, fights successfully with 
Hanno. 4. Wealth began to be (esteemed) an honor; and 
glory, dominion, and power followed [sing.'] it. 5. The greedi- 
ness [pi.] of certain men was a hindrance to me. 6. To that 
brave [superl."] man, his parent, he was a great aid in perils, solace 
in labors, ( source of) congratulation in victory. 7. The Bituri- 
ges fall at the feet of the Gauls. 8. I grieve that I am suspected 
of negligence by you. 9. I was a (cause of) safety to him. 10. 
I have always thought that you ought not only to be protected by 
me, but also honored and distinguished. 11. Two brothers, whose 
name was Philaenus. 12. How did it come into your mind to 
answer thus ? 13. Now, now, says Catulus, I understand, Crassus, 
what you say ; and by Hercules I assent. I see that you, a man 
very keen to learn [ger.~\, have' had enough time for ascertaining 
those things which you say. 14. If the splendor of the games is a 
pleasure to the people, it is not to be wondered at that it profited 
Lucius Murena with the people. 



22 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XXL 

Accusative Case. § 52. 

"When a verb which governs two Accusatives not in apposi- 
tion becomes Passive, the Secondary Object (the thing) may 
remain in the Accusative ; while the Direct Object (the per- 
son) becomes Nominative ; as, 

hoc vos doceo, I teach you this (Or. II. 47) . In the Passive, 
this would be hoc docemini a me; hoc being still Accusative. 

If they are in apposition, both become Nominative. See 
Lesson XIII. 

Oral Exercises. 

He laughs-at virtue. He grieves-at his fate. We grieve-at his 
fate. I asked Cato his opinion. Cato was asked his opinion. 
We are taught the rules of virtue. O the cares of men ! He 
grieved much. Somewhat angry. Did he conceal his crimes 
from you ? 

Translate into Latin. 
1. I request this of you, that you come-to-the-aid-of this anxi- 
ety (of) mine. 2. He asks them to come thence with him to Turnus. 
3. The army is panic-stricken at this act. 4. I have received let- 
ters from you two or three times at-most, and those very short. 

5. I am somewhat distressed that it is pleasant to you without me. 

6. O deceitful hope and frail fortune of men, and empty conten- 
tions (of) ours ! 7. You ask of me why I fear Catiline. 8. O 
excellent commander, no longer [nee jam] to be compared with 
(that) brave \_sup.~] man, Manius Aquilius, but, in truth, with 
the Paulli, Scipios, Marii ! 9. The shout which is raised behind the 
back of [to'] those fighting has much effect in [ad] terrifying oar 
men. 

Fable. 

A stag asked & sheep for a peck of wheat, taking a wolf as 
surety \_abl. abs.~\. But she, dreading trickery (said) : The wolf 
is always accustomed to snatch-up and go-off; you (are accus- 
tomed) to flee out of sight with swift course. Where shall I look 
for you, when the day arrives \_fut per/.'] ? 



ABLATIVE. 23 

LESSON XXIL 

Ablative Case. § 54, in. iv. vn. 
Oral Exercises. 

You abuse our patience. I am not worthy of your friendship. 
He eats pears. Caesar needs [there is need to Ccesar~\ troops. Who 
needs counsel? There was need of haste. AVe will enjoy these 
pleasures. He employed diligence. There was need of setting 
out at once. Relying on these news. What do I need? 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I have at length read the letters, worthy of Appius Claudius, 
full of elegance, courtesy, (and) earnestness. 2. By their coun- 
sel and peril we are able to enjoy not only (§ 43, 8) the republic, 
but also our-own affairs besides. 3. What need is (there) of fol- 
lowers ? 4. Caesar gets possession of a great number of cattle 
and men. 5. Now there is need that you be well in mind, in 
order that you may [possum] in body. 6. What need have I of 
your friendship, if you do not do what I ask? 7. One of the near- 
est [§ 50, ii. end] performed the same duty ; a third succeeded to 
the second, and a fourth to the third. 8. No expression was heard 
from them unworthy the majesty of the Roman people. 9. They, 
relying upon the strength [praesidium] of the place, take refuge 
in [§ 56, i. 1] the woods and marshes. 10. There is need of daily 
practice, and from things the attention must be transferred to 
words. 11. The Samnites, before battle, brandish (their) spears, 
which in fighting they do not use at all. 12. I hope that that order 
will consider me, as-is-due [pro] my labors in behalf of the 
republic, not unworthy of honor, especially (that already) en- 
joyed. 

Anecdote. 
Titus Labienus, lieutenant of Caius Caesar, desiring to fight against 
the Gauls before the arrival of the Germans, who [§ 52, vi.] he 
knew would come to aid [§ 51, vn.] them, pretended want-of- 
confidence, and, placing his camp [§ 54, x.] on the other bank, 
proclaimed a departure for [in] the next day. The Gauls, believing 
that he was flying, began to cross the river, which was between 
[medius] : (and) Labienus, leading his army around, cut them to 
pieces in-the-midst-of the very difficulties of crossing the river. 



24 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XXIII. 

Ablative Case (continued). Comparison. §§ 54, v.; 47, vn. 

If the word with which the comparison is made is in any case 
but the Nominative or Accusative, quam must be used after 
the Comparative ; thus, ocior euro, swifter than the east wind 
(Virg. JEn. VIII. 233), may stand for ocior quam eurus 
[est] ; but nearer to me than to you must be propius mihi 
quam tibi ; as, 

magis est adolescentium, quam senum, it belongs rather to 
young than old men (de Sen. 11). 

The ablative of degree of comparison is common with neuter 
adjectives and pronouns ; as, tanto melior, so much better. 

Oral Exercises. 

Bolder than a lion. Nobler than you. Three miles [by three 
miles'] nearer. More prudent than brave. Less than twenty ships. 
With more than two hundred soldiers. How much faster ? Dearer 
to me than to you. Somewhat better prepared. Much smaller. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. Cato is dearer to me than Caesar (is). 2. Cato is dearer to 
me than (to) Caesar, 3. Nothing is more foolish than we two. 4. 
None [by nothing] the less he sought the consulship for [in] the 
next year. 5. In one day, more than twenty cities of the Bituri- 
ges are set-on-fire. 6. This is more agreeable to me than to your 
Dolabella. 7. Be assured [know, § 33, in. 2] that nothing is 
more agreeable to me than your Dolabella (is). 8. This mischief 
is spread more widely than is believed [than opinion]. 9. By 
whom is it more just that a consul be defended than by a consul ? 
10. A great number of [many] men spent more than an hour in 
demolishing the statue. 11. You prefer glory to [quam] wisdom. 
12. From his tongue flowed speech sweeter than honey. 13. He 
would rather [prefers] have the royalty than hope (for it) . 14. 
I understand that Domitius preferred to seem cruel in punishing 
than remiss in passing over (crimes) 15. It is a more serious 
thing to be stripped of fortunes than not to be advanced in dignity. 



ABLATIVE. 25 

LESSON XXIV. 

Ablative Case (continued). § 54, vi. vin. rx. 

Oral Exercises. 
The son of iEneas. Freed from odium. Valued at twelve 
asses. Valued at a high rate. At how much did you buy (it) ? 
It is worth [stands'] two thousand sesterces. I do not value [make] 
you a tuft-of-wool. Not far from the river. Descended from the 
Germans. A good-for-nothing beast. I bought the horses for 
a hundred sesterces apiece. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. I make no account [at nothing] what he does to those others. 
2. I understand that your favor is highly valued. 3. That is the 
man who has driven us exiles from (our) country. 4. He abdi- 
cated the consulship, and withdrew from the state. 5. I lack all 
enjoyment and all letters. 6. Servius Tullius was son of a female 
slave. 7. The Samnites are said to be sprung from the Sabines. 8. 
Who then of you is ignorant how high these things are valued? 9. 
I hope that our friendship does not need witnesses. 10. He pre- 
ferred that all his possessions (should) be sold, and that he should 
be stripped of his splendid [superl.] patrimony, (rather) than that 
any delay should be caused to any one [quisquam] of his credit- 
ors. 11. The barbarians, catching-sight-of the standards at a dis- 
tance, desist from the siege. 12. He interdicted them from fire and 
water. 13. Approach Otho, as you write : finish up that matter, 
my Atticus. But for how much? — this comes into my [mihi] 
mind. Caius Albanius is my nearest neighbor ; he bought a thou- 
sand acres [§ 50, 11] for fifteen sestertia. To-be-sure every 
thing [omnia] (is) now lower [at less]. 

Epistle. 

A letter was brought to me from my brother Quintus, (together) 
with the decree-of-the-Senate which was passed in-regard-to me. 
I have it in mind to wait-for the proposal of the laws, and if there 
shall-be-opposition, I will follow the advice of the Senate, and rather 
lose my life than my country. Do you, I beg, hasten to come 
to us. 



26 LATIN COMPOSITION, 



LESSON XXV. 
Time and Space. § 55, i. n. 

Notice that time within which comes under the same prin- 
ciple with time at which : as, 
decimo die, on the tenth day ; decern, diebus, within ten days. 

Distance of time is expressed by ante and post, used either 
as prepositions governing the Accusative, or as adverbs with the 
Ablative, and with either cardinal or ordinal numerals : as, 

post decern dies, ten days from now ; decern post diebus, ten 
days afterwards ; decimo post die, the tenth day afterwards. 

They may be followed by quam (§ 56, in.), with a clause 
describing the event before or after which any thing is ; as, 

ante decern dies [decimum diem, decern diebus ante] quam 
venit, ten days before he came. 

Also abhinc, ago, may be used with either case ; as, 

abhinc decern dies, or diebus, ten days ago. 

Oral Exercises. 

In two years. In the eighth mon.th. Five months ago. Seven 
years before. For eighteen miles. During more than six days. He 
is three miles distant. Twelve years after. I stood for several 
hours. The river flows three hundred miles. We are six miles 
from the river. Three days before the battle. Three days before 
Caesar fought with the Gauls. Twelve years after Cato died. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I, the ally and friend of the Roman people, am held be- 
sieged now the fifth month. 2. They place the camp not more than 
five miles from the city. 3. Beams are placed together on the 
ground distant two feet from one another. 4. Although the pe- 
riod [times'] of Homer is uncertain, yet he was many years before 
Romulus. 5. Cato departed from life eighty-five years old [natus]. 

6. Here the praetor of the Roman people, the guardian and de- 
fender of the province, lived now for successive summer days. 

7. After a few days the Senate was freed from the danger of mas- 
sacre. 8. He died the year before my censorship [before me cen- 
sor], ten years after my consulship. 



TIME AND PLACE. 27 

LESSON XXVI. 

Place. § 55, in. Dates, §§ 56, i. 4 ; 83. 

Oral Exercises. 

At Tarentum. At Cumae. At Narbo. At Rhodes. At Tar- 
quinii. At Capua. From Tarentum, etc. To Tarentum, etc. 
The day before the Kalends of January. About the Nones of De- 
cember. September 4. March 23. May 15. June 15. Sep- 
tember 5. October 5. May 31. May 30. At Carthage, a city 
of the Phoenicians [§ 46, 2] . At Veii, an Etruscan city. At 
Agrigentum, a wealthy town in Sicily. 

Translate into Latin. 

Tullius to his Tiro, 

We departed from you, as you know, on the second of Novem- 
ber. We came to Leucas on the sixth of November, on the sev- 
enth to Actiutn ; there we tarried the eighth on account of the 
weather. Thence on the ninth we sailed in-fine-style to Cor- 
cyra. We were at Corcyra until the 15th,* delayed by storms. 
On the 16 ih, we proceeded one hundred and twenty stades into the 
harbor of the Corcyraeans, to (the neighborhood of) Cassiope. 
There we were kept by the winds until the 22d. On that day, we 
set sail after dinner [having dined~\ . Thence, with a very gentle 
south-wind, and a clear sky, we came in -high- spirits on that night 
and the day after to (the neighborhood of) Hydruns, in Italy; 
with the same wind the next day — that was Nov. 24 — at the 
fourth hour, we came to Brundisium ; and at the same time with 
us Terentia entered the town, who values you very highly. . . . 
I have left a horse and mule for you at Brundisium. It remains 
that I ask and beseech this of you, that you do not [ne] sail 
rashly. 

* Notice that when this letter was written, B.c 52, November had only twenty-nine 
days : the thirtieth was added in Caesar's reform of the Calendar, B 0. 45. 



28 LATIN COMPOSITION. 



LESSON XXVII. 

Adjectives. § 47, i.-v. 

1. The neuter singular of an adjective is used as well to 
express a single object possessing a quality, as the abstract of 
the quality ; the neuter plural is properly used only for the 
object, but it is often used, where we should expect the singu- 
lar, for the abstract idea ; thus, pulchrum, either a heautiful 
thing or act, or the beautiful as an idea ; pulchra, beautiful 
things, — that is, beauty in general. 

2. The adjectives described in § 47, v., are of the same char- 
acter with possessive adjectives (§ 19, in.), and like these are 
properly used only for the subjective genitive. But there is 
no possessive for the third person, except the reflective suus ; 
ejus and eorum must be used. 

3. As the possessive adjective is equivalent to the genitive 
of the personal pronoun, a relative may refer to it ; as, 
mea gloria qui haec feci, my glory [of me'] who have done this. 

Oral Exercises. 

Paetus and Arria both are dead. Virtue and honor are to be de- 
sired. They pushed back our (men). Caesar exhorts his (troops). 
Folly is an evil (thing) . The war of Cassius [§ 47, v.] . A rebel- 
lion of slaves. The affairs of the city. On a mound of earth. 
Under the race of Hector. Great courage and judgment. The army 
is not yours, but Caesar's. The good all favor me, and the wicked 
envy me. He called out as many soldiers as possible [§ 17, v. 5]. 
Your life and character are known to all. Labor is not a good. 
This is not your shield but his. He says this is not your shield, 
but his. This was my work alone [of me alone'] . Our labors, 
who are here present. He was the friend of you [tuus], who 
nevertheless destroyed him. 

Dialogue. 

Grumio. Go out doors out of the kitchen, (you) scoundrel, 
(you) who show-off your wit to me among (my) stew-pans. Go 
forth, (our) master's ruin [§ 47, v.] out of the house. I, by Pol- 
lux, will punish you well in the country, if I live [fut.] . Go out, 
I say ! Why do you lurk ? 




ADJECTIVES. 29 



Tranio. What the mischief is your [dat.] shouting here in 
front of the house ? Do you think you are in the country ? Be 
off from the house ! Go away into the country. Go away and 
be hanged to you. Be off from the door ! — Well ! (is) this (what) 
you wanted ? 

Gr. I am done for ! Why do you beat me ? 

Tr. Because you will (it) . What the mischief is your busi- 
ness with me [§ 54, i.] ; or what I am doing ? 



LESSON XXVIII. 

Adjectives (continued). § 47, vi.-ix. 
Oral Exercises. 

In the first part of the way. I came unwillingly. I was the 
first to come [I the first came] . One helps one, another another. 
The nearest part of the province. In the middle of the assembly. 
With the rest of the soldiers. The love of truth. He reports 
the truth [true things] . I read the letter unwillingly. He is the 
most ready to follow. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. A little before the middle of the night, going forth from the 
town in silence, they began to cross the river. 2. This is the third 
letter [this third letter] I have written to you on the same day. 
3. I encamped in the furthest (part of) Cappadocia, not far 
from the Taurus. 4. They look round one upon another. 5. 
Treaties are made, one under one condition, another under an- 
other. 6. Messala when censor was the first who made a thea- 
tre at Borne. 7. They assemble in crowds at daybreak. 8. 
Some of you are geese, which only scream, (but) cannot harm ; 
others dogs, which can both bark and bite. 9. It shows a great 
soul to despise greatness [great things] , and to prefer mediocrity 
to [quam] excess. 10. Some were sent among the Yolscians, 
others to Cumae, to collect corn. 11. I commanded the lieutenant 
to lead these five cohorts to the rest of the army. 12. If you go 
unwillingly, why do you go? 13. Avarice impels some, anger and 
rashness others. 14. I love the truth ; I wish the truth told me : I 
hate a liar. 



30 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XXIX. 
Reflective and Intensive Pronouns. §§ 19, i. ; 20, n. 

A common source of ambiguity is found in the fact that, in 
English, these two classes of Pronouns have the same form ; 
in Latin, they must be carefully distinguished. Thus, 

ego ipse, 1 myself; me amo, I love myself; Catonem ipsum 
vidi, / saw Cato himself; Cato se occidit, Cato killed him- 
self. 

When emphasis is desired in connection with the Reflective, 
the Intensive ipse is used, generally made to agree with the 
subject of the verb; as, 
me ipse (rather than ipsum) amo. 

The genitive of ipse is used with possessives, in the sense 
of own; as, 
mea ipsius consilia, my own plans. 

Oral Exercises. 

With Csesar himself. He thinks with himself. Even the vete- 
rans iled. He hates himself. The very walls tremble. Even into 
the forum. Our own pursuits. He despises his own (posses- 
sions) . 

Translate into Latin. 
1. You even gave yourself into custody. 2. I am like myself, and 
they are like themselves. 3. I desire nothing more than that I be 
like myself and they (like) themselves. 4. He himself spoke in 
his own behalf, and Caius Cotta (spoke) briefly [adj. n. pi."], 
because he was (his) sister's son. 5. First give thanks to the 
immortal gods, then to your own valor. 6. Not even they them- 
selves compare themselves with them in valor. 7. The town 
Alesia itself was on the top of the hill. 8. No one sees the pirate- 
captain himself, upon whom punishment ought to have been in- 
flicted. 9. They themselves have come-to-their-senses through 
admiration of my resolution. 10. They remember all the things 
which they care for, — who owe them, whom they themselves 
owe. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 31 

Anecdote. 

Chabrias, the Athenian, when about to fight with the fleet, a 
thunderbolt striking [excussus] in front of his own ship, (and) 
the soldiers being scared by such a prodigy, said, Now espe- 
cially we should enter into battle, when Jupiter, the greatest of 
the gods, shows that his favor is with our fleet. 



LESSON XXX. 
Relative Pronouns. § 48. 

Notice that the Relative is construed in its own clause pre- 
cisely as a noun would be : its most striking peculiarity is the 
tendency to attract the antecedent into the relative clause, 
either by repeating it (in which case the Relative is used as an 
adjective, § 48, in.), or by omitting it entirely as an antece- 
dent (see second case) or by substituting the Demonstrative 
(see last case). 

Translate into Latin. 

1. (Those) who were consulted were in great power. 2. What 
both the republic and our friendship exhort me, I do willingly. 3. 
What (of) hostages were left, he restored. 4. There is a place in 
the prison which is called Tullianum. 5. What I value highest in 
those matters, that I now have. 6. He who hears an orator believes 
what [those things which"] is said. 7. These divine and excellent 
qualities [bona] which we see in Marcus Cato, be assured that 
(they) are his own. 8. This is the origin of the first temple of 
all, which was consecrated at Rome. 9. The letter which you sent 
to me on the march before you went out of Asia, I read very un- 
willingly. 10. Thither came the magistrates of the Sicilians, 
(thither) came the Roman knights, as [§ 48, v.] you have heard 
from many witnesses. 11. He hastens where [to the place to which] 
he had sent Labienus. 12. The pirates were at your house one 
(month), a second month, in short, almost a year, from the time 
when [from what time] they were taken. 13. That prison which 
is called " the quarries, 11 which was made at Syracuse by the cruel 
[sup.] tyrant Dionysius, was the residence of Roman citizens 
under [in] the rule of that (wretch). 



32 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XXXI. 
Correlatives. § 22, i. 

1. The Relative Adjectives, quantus, qualis, quot, are 
subject to the same rules of attraction and omission of ante- 
cedent as Relative Pronouns. 

2. When a Relative Adjective or Adverb follows its Cor- 
relative Demonstrative, it should be rendered as ; as, 

tantus . . . quantus, so (as) great as; talis . . . qualis, such 
as ; tot . . . quot, so {as) many as; tarn . . . quam, such as. 

Therefore, when as follows a demonstrative word, such, so, 
as, it is to be considered a Relative, and be rendered by the 
Correlative of the antecedent Demonstrative, as in the exam- 
ples given above. 

Also, when as follows same, it is a Relative, and is to be 
rendered by the Relative Pronoun ; as, 
idem qui, the same person as ; idem quod, the same thing as. 

3. The Correlatives, quo, eo;quanto, tanto, in the Ablative 
of degree of comparison (§ 54, v. end), are rendered in Eng- 
lish by the . . . the; as, 

quo sapientior est, eo minus sapiens sibi videtur, the wiser he 
is, the less wise he seems to himself. 

Oral Exercises. 
As much bravery as wisdom. As many opinions as men. With 
as great judgment as authority. The same ships as before. The 
lighter, the swifter. The firmer I am, the longer is the war. Such 
heroes as we have never seen. So great enmities as you have 
incurred. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. As often as we speak, judgment is passed upon us. 2. There 
are as many kinds of speech [of speaking'] as duties of the ora- 
tor. 3. Nor nevertheless does this require [§ 50, 1. 2] so much 
labor as it seems. 4. Order to be promised to the physician (as 
much) pay as he shall demand. 5. What strait, what Euripus, do 
you think has so many movements, so great and so various tossings 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 33 

of the waves, as the business of the comitia has disturbances and 
eddyings? 6. He was not sorry to do the same as you. 7. It is 
not so fine (a thing) to know Latin, as disgraceful not to know 
(it). 8. That most severe war of the Volscians, in which Corio- 
lanus took-part as an exile, was at about the same time as the war 
of the Persians. 9. (As much) land was given as he ploughed 
around in one day. 10. Bestow as much care upon yourself as 
you have love for me [you love me]. 11. The king fortifies (his) 
camp in the same place in which he had routed the forces of the 
enemy. 12. Publius Servilius recaptured the pirate with the same 
good fortune with which he had captured him. 13. The longer I 
consider, the more obscure the matter seems to me. 



LESSON XXXII. 
Indefinite Pronouns. § 21, in. T. 6. 

1. Some is aliquis or quispiam; when quite definite, qui- 
dam. 

2. Any is a very ambiguous word, and may be variously 
rendered : 1. When a universal negative, not any, without 
any, by quisquam, or its adjective ullus. 2. After if, lest, or 
in questions implying a negative, quis is used in preference, 
although quisquam may be used, less indefinitely. 3. In a 
universal affirmative, any one whatever, quivis, quilibet: 
thus : 

num quis hoc facere potest? can anybody do this? implies 
that nobody can. Num cujusvis est hoc facere? is it for 
any one to do this ? implies that it can be done, but not by every- 
body. 

Oral Exercises. 

Some fields. In a certain field. Without any danger. Any- 
body can sit an hour. Can anybody do so great things ? Can some- 
body do this ? Who will do this ? Will anybody do this ? It is 
not every one that can sit ten hours. Without anybody. 



34 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. A rude and rustic voice pleases some [persons']. 2. He was 
equal to anybody in speaking Latin. 3. Is there any shame ? any 
religion ? any fear ? 4. Do you think that anybody was more 
moderate than Cato, your great-grandfather? 5. Ancus reigned 
twenty-four years, equal to any of the former kings in the arts and 
glory of war and peace. 6. I find in some (writers) that in this 
year was the fight [it was fought] at Lake Regillus. 7. He asked 
whether he brought any thing else besides the chest. 8. I ear- 
nestly beg of you that you bring (it) to pass that no injury be done 
to me, and that no [neve quid] time be added to my year's 
(§ 47, v.) duty. 9. I understand that certain wonderful (doctrines) 
have pleased some (men) , who, I hear, have been esteemed wise 
in Greece. 10. Why do you ask any one to favor you, to aid you ? 
11. I neither dare nor ought to place any burden upon you. 12. 
If any one was ever averse, both by nature and reason and educa- 
tion, to empty praise, I certainly am he. 



LESSON XXXIII. 

Indefinite Pronouns (continued). 

3. Quisque, every, stands rather in the subordinate clause 
than in the principal one, as in English ; as, 

tantum, quantum potest quisque, nitatur, let each strive as 
much as he can (De Sen. 10) . 

When used independently, without a subordinate clause, 
unusquisque is used; as, 
unusquisque nostrum, each of us. 

Quisque, after a superlative, often joined with maxime, 
means all who possess the quality y and in proportion to their 
possession of it. It is often joined with sui or SUUS, follow- 
ing it ; as, 

sibi quisque, each for himself. 

optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur, all the good — and 
in proportion as they are good — are led by glory (Arch. 11). 

Often, it takes a plural verb (§ 49, i. end). 



USE OF TENSES. 35 

Oral Exercises. 
Each will go when he is ready. All the boldest. Each loves 
his own. Each of the scouts is ready. Each took what he 
pleased [what pleased eacK] . All the eloquent will be listened-to. 
He performed each of (his) duties. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. Each in order, as he excelled in age and honor, so spoke his 
opinion. 2. He summoned to himself all the best and noblest. 3. 
They will be-on-hand each in his own time. 4. Each for himself 
migrates from the country [fields] into the city. 5. In the great 
need, each, in-proportion-to his private means, even defrauding him- 
self of his sustenance, bestowed something upon him. 6. Each, (in 
proportion) as he speaks well, so [ita maxime] fears the difficulty 
of speaking, and the various accidents of speech, and the expecta- 
tion of men. 7. They go to the houses [§ 55, in. 3] of those with 
whom each had served. 8. It was then the custom that they were 
ready to grant [in granting] to each his (own) . 9. His own fraud 
and his own terror chiefly worry each. 10. It must be considered, 
not how much each benefits, but how much each is (worth). 11. 
As each trusts [mosf] in himself, and as each is [best = maxime] 
fortified by virtue and wisdom, so he [most greatly] excels in win- 
ning and maintaining friendship [plur.]. 12. Each formed opin- 
ions, and added something of his own fear to that which he had 
heard from another. 



LESSON XXXIV. 

1. When the action of a subordinate clause is yet to come, the 
Latin uses the Future Tense, where the English often uses the 
Present ; as, 

sanabimur si volemus, we shall be healed if we [shall] wish 
(Tusc. HI. 13). 

2. When the action of the subordinate clause is complete in 
relation to the principal clause, the tense of completed action 
is used in Latin, where the English often uses an indefinite 
tense (§ 57, in.) ; as, 

Bi eris meritus, fiet, if you deserve [shall have deserved] , it shall 
be done (Plaut. Trin. 1068). 



36 LATIN COMPOSITION, 



Translate into Latin. 



1. This you, Brutus, will know at once [jam], when you come 
into Gaul. 2. He will both judge what each needs, and will be 
able to speak in whatever manner the cause demands. 3. He will 
be eloquent, who is able to adapt his discourse to that, whatever 
(it is which) is becoming. 4. Whatever mischief, crime, slaugh- 
ter there shall be, this ought to belong [proprius esse] to the 
Roscii. 5. If you listen to me, you will avoid enmities, and con- 
sult for the ease of posterity. 6. I shall accomplish this more easily 
if you come to me in \_into~] Cilicia, which I think concerns both 
me and the republic, and especially you. 7. (Your) vices shall fol- 
low you whithersoever you go. 8. I truly will follow the old road, 
but if I find a nearer and mora level one, this I will repair. 9. 
(As much) care as you bestow upon your health, so highly I shall 
judge that I am valued by you. 10. (As) quickly as I can, and 
by as frequent letters, I will cause that the whole plan of my days 
and journeys be known to you. 11. The earth never refuses 
(our) rule, nor ever returns without usury what it receives. 

Fable. 

A fox by chance had seen a tragic mask : " Oh how great a 
show," said he, " has no brain ! " 

This is said for those to whom fortune has granted honor and 
glory, (but) has taken away (from them) common sense. 



LESSON XXXV. 

Wishes and Commands. §§ 58, in. ; 68, i. 

In negative expressions ne must be used instead of non ; 
but it may unite with quid, ullus, &c, to form nihil, nul- 
lus, &c. 

Oral Exercises. 

Send Marcus to me. Attend carefully. Let us go with him. 
Do not fear. Be sure you do not do this. May I accomplish 
your designs. Do not boast without reason. 



SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. 37 

Translate into Latin. 
1. Consider this, as-is- worthy your nature. 2. Even if you 
have not (any thing) to write [which you may write, subj.], yet 
write. 3. Do not say that I am obstinate. 4. Be not so unjust. 
5. If you do not lie, may I perish. 6. Let the forum give way to 
the camp, peace to war, the pen to the sword, the shade to the 
sun. 7. Would that those songs were extant. 8. Do not suffer 
me, the grandson of Masinissa, to seek aid from you in vain. 9. 
If you love me, if you wish to be loved by me, send letters to me. 
10. Fear no army, no battle. 11. Pardon nothing ; grant nothing at 
all to favor ; be not moved by pity. 12. Do not think that there has 
been any thing in our state more excellent than these two (men) . 
13. They shall not take nor [neve] give a bribe, neither [neve] in 
seeking, nor in administering power. 14. If they cannot stand, let 
them fall. 15. If there is any spirit in us, let us avenge the death 
of those who have perished most unworthily, and kill these rob- 
bers. 16. May your judgment and (that) of the Roman people 
approve my desire, and the hope of the rest of (my) life ! 

Anecdote. 

Epaminondas, the Theban, when his soldiers were saddened 
[abl. abs.~\ because the wind had carried away [perf. pass. part.~\ 
an ornament from his spear, hanging after-the-manner [more] of 
a fillet, (and) driven (it) upon the tomb of a certain Lacedaemo- 
nian, said: " Do not be alarmed, soldiers; destruction is por- 
tended to the Lacedagmonians ; for (their) tombs are adorned with 
offerings." 



LESSON XXXVI. 

Subordinate Clauses. 

Clauses which are attached to the principal sentence, in 
order to explain or modify its meaning, are classified accord- 
ing to the relation that they severally express. 

Each of these classes has its appropriate conjunctions ; and 
a Relative Pronoun (qui), Adjective (quantus, qualis, &c), 
or Adverb (ubi, unde, &c.), may take the place of almost 
any of these, and express the same relation. 

The classes of Subordinate Clauses are: 



38 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

1. Conditional, expressing a condition. Under this 
principle come — 

a. Pure Conditional Clauses, with si, nisi, sin; § 59. 

b. Comparative Clauses, which compare the statement of the 
principal clause with what would follow an assumed condition; 
they follow tamquam, quasi, &c. ; § 61, 1. 

c. Concessive Clauses, implying that the result follows, in spite 
of the facts stated in the subordinate clause ; used with quamvis, 
quamquam, etsi, &c. ; § 61, 2. Dum, modo, &c, provided (§ 61, 
3), also express concession. 

d. Temporal Clauses, describing the time of the action of the 
principal verb ; used with cum, when, dum, while, posteaquam, 
after, when, &c. ; § 62. 

2. Causal, expressing a Reason, with quod, quia, quo- 
niam ; § 63. 

3. Final, expressing a Purpose ; with ut, ne, quo ; § 64. 

4. Consecutive, expressing a Result; with ut, quin, 
quominus ; § 65. 

5. Intermediate, inserting some modifying statement or 
explanation, in the body of the main proposition. These 
clauses are introduced by Relatives (§ 66). 



Dialogue. 

Tranio. Look around again. 

Theopropides. There is no one. Speak now at once. 

Tr. It is a fatal deed. 

Th. What is that ? I don't understand. 

Tr. A crime, I say, was committed long ago, old and ancient ; 
this deed we have just now discovered. 

Th. What villainy is that, or who did it ? tell me. 

Tr. A host killed his guest (whom he had) caught with his 
hand. He, as I think, who sold this house to you. 

Th. Killed ? 

Tr. And took away gold from that same guest, and buried 
that guest here in-this-very-place in the house. 

Th. Why do you suspect that this was done ? 



CONJUNCTIONS. 39 

Tr. I will say. Listen. When your son had dined out 
[foris], after he returns home from supper, we all go to bed. We 
went to sleep. I had forgotten by chance to put out the light ; 
and he all-of-a-sudden cries out at- the-top-of-his- voice. 

Th. Who ? my son ? 

Tr. St, — be quiet; he says that that dead man came to 
him in sleep. This is [ecce] what that dead man said to him : " I 
am Diapontius, a guest from-beyond-sea. Here I dwell. This 
dwelling was given to me. For Orcus would not [noluit] re- 
ceive me to Acheron, because I am deprived of life prema- 
turely. I was deceived through confidence. My host here killed 
me, and he buried me secretly in this house, the villain, for the 
sake of gold. Now do thou depart hence. This house is accursed ; 
this dwelling is impious." 



LESSON XXXVII. 

Conjunctions . §§ 43, 75, xviii. 

1. When several words in the same construction follow one 
another, and would naturally be connected by conjunctions, it 
is common either to repeat the conjunction et between every 
two, or to omit it altogether ; in the former case, et, both, fre- 
quently precedes ; as, 

M. Antonius, Q. Cassius, tribuni plebis, Marcus Antonius and 
Quintus Cassius, tribunes of the people (B. C. I. 2). 

I nunc ad Philippum et Parmenionem et Attalum, go now 
to Philip, Parmenio, and Attalus (Curt. VIII. 1). 

2. "When such a series of words follows a relative, conjunc- 
tion, or preposition, this is commonly repeated with each 
word : this is called Anaphora ; as, 

quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobroges vexassent, 

because they had harassed the JEdui, the Ambarri, and the Al- 
lobroges (B. G. I. 14). 

3. When a negative word or clause is to be connected to 
what goes before, it is common to join the negative with the 



40 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

r 

conjunction instead of the word or clause that is connected, 
so as to use neque (§ 43, 1, note), for et non, and even for 
sed non ; as, 

inviti neque innocentes, unwilling and not innocent (Tac. Hist. 
I. 82). 

In this way, neque often commences a sentence (§ 43, n. 
cf. § 48, iv.) ; as, 

neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, 
for no one but traders visits these without good reason (B. G. 
IV . 20) , for nemo enim, &c. 

Oral Exercises. 

Honor, justice, and mercy exhort us. We entreat you to spare 
us, our wives and children. They brought out their spears, 
swords, and shields. His countenance was calm, and not un- 
friendly. We are ready, but not impatient. He set out at once, 
and did not delay. We receive you gladly, for we too are not 
forgetful of your kindnesses. Our ancestors carried on wars with 
Antiochus, Philip, the iEtolians, and the Carthaginians. 

Epistle. 

Tullius to his Terentia. 
If you are in good health, it is well : I am in good health. We 
have as yet nothing certain, either of Caesars arrival, or of the 
letters which Philotimusis said to have. If there is any thing cer- 
tain, I will let you know. Be sure [fac] that you take care of 
your health. Farewell. Aug. 11. 



LESSON XXXVIII. 

Conditional Sentences. § 59, i. ii. in. and iv. 1. 

1. It should be remembered that when the condition has 
reference to present or past time (that is, when its existence 
or non-existence is in itself a matter of certainty), the Indica- 
tive must be used to express doubt ; as, 
si Cato Romae est me conveniet, if Cato is (now) in Borne 

[of which I am not sure] he will call upon me. 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 41 

2. For the future time, either the Indicative or the Present 
Subjunctive may be used ; the Future Indicative is equiva- 
lent to the idiomatic use of the Present Indicative in Eng- 
lish ; as, 

si Cato Romae erit, me conveniet, if Cato is in Borne [when 
I arrive] lie will call upon me. 

The Present Subjunctive expresses a future condition less 
distinctly, and should be rendered by should in the protasis, 
and should or would in the apodosis ; as, 

si Cato Romae sit, me conveniat, if Cato should be in Rome 
[at any future time] Tie would call upon me. 

Oral Exercises. 

If you are well, I am glad. If he was not there, he was at 
Home. If this book is yours [est tibi] , give it to me. If you do 
rightly, you are praised. If you [shall] do rightly, you will be 
praised. If you should do rightly, you would be praised. Un- 
less you do rightly, you will not be praised. If you did not fight, 
you were cowards. If you do not fight, you are cowards. If you 
do not fight, you will be conquered. If Marcus should remain, 
we should be glad ; but if he should go, we would still praise 
him. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. If you see the good throng to me, will you invite the wicked 
to yourself? 2. If the people should meet with you, and could 
speak with one voice, it would say this. 3. If by chance that 
which concerns me less pleases you more, I will restore that sedile- 
ship to you. 4. If you should ask me what [qualis] I consider 
the nature of the gods to be, I should perhaps make no answer. 
5. As, if any one should say that the republic of the Athenians is 
ruled by a council, the word [illud] " of the Areopagus " would 
be-understood, so when we say that the world is controlled by 
providence, consider that "of the gods" is-understood. 6. If 
any god should grant to me that, from this period-of-life, I should 
become-a-boy-again, and cry in the cradle, I should strongly 
object. 7. If I should desire from you the greatest services, it ought 
[would deserve] to seem strange to no one. 8. If I should say 
this, that I passed over the province on your account [§ 54, I. 
note], I should seem too fickle even [ipse] to you. 



42 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XXXIX. 

Conditional Sentences (continued). 
Condition assumed as false. § 59, iv., 2. 

Oral Exercises. 

If this were so, I should be glad. If you had gone, I should 
have gone with you. Unless I were well, I should not set out. 
If you loved Caesar \at some former time'] , you did well. If you 
loved Caesar [now, — as you do not], you would do this. If you 
had loved Caesar, you would have done this. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I would write more, if I thought that you could read longer 
[jam] with pleasure. 2. If you had gone to Britain also, surely 
no one in that so great island would have been more experienced 
than you. 3. If it were necessary for me only to speak against 
Laterensis, nevertheless even [ipsum] this would be offensive in 
our great [tantus] intimacy and friendship. 4. If he had lived 
to the hundredth year, would he therefore regret his old age ? 5. 
He was a tribune of the people, not perhaps so violent as those 
whom you justly praise, but at-any-rate such a one, as, if all had 
always been, a violent tribune would never have been desired. 6. 
If plane-trees bore viols sounding rhythmically, of-course you would 
judge that music resided in plane-trees. 7. Whatever brought 
great advantage to the human race, this they thought took place 
not without a divine goodness towards men. 8. If I were the first 
to speak this opinion, you certainly would praise (me) ; if the only 
one, you at any rate would pardon (me). 9. Should you not think 
that these men should be torn away from the provinces, if they were 
not at-some-time to be withdrawn (from them) ? 



IMPLIED CONDITIONS. 43 

LESSON XL. 

Implied Conditions. § 60. 

Oral Exercises. 

You would have thought that a god spoke. Who would say that 
this is so? I am-inclined-to-believe that Caesar so wishes. Why 
should I say more ? I wish you were to be here. I wish you were 
here. Who would not rather be wise than rich? 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I could wish [vellem] that he had been able to conform to 
your desire. 2. Nor would you find (any) other thing greater or 
more excellent. 3. Should I have feared [imp. subj.~\ that I, that 
fiercest enemy of kings, should myself undergo the charge of a 
desire of royalty ? 4. Shall I joke with you by letter, or write 
something more serious? 5. Whither shall I, wretch (that I am), 
betake myself? To the Capitol? But it is wet with the blood of 
my brother. Home ? That I may see my wretched mother la- 
menting and distressed? 6. Why should I not confess what is 
necessary? 7. As I just said, in nearly all things, and especially 
in physics, I can tell what is not (true) quicker than what is. 
8. If I lay aside even my enmities for the sake of the republic, who 
pray will have any right to blame me ? [blame me rightfully] . 

Epistle. 

Cicero to his Atticus. 

I readily believe that you are glad to be at home. But T should 
like to know what remains for you, or whether you have already 
finished. I am expecting you in my Tusculan (estate), the more 
on this account, because you wrote to Tiro that you would come 
immediately, and added that you thought there was need. Alto- 
gether I used to feel how much good you did me (when) present, 
but I feel (it) much more since your departure. Wherefore, as I 
wrote to you before, either I (must go) to you wholly [§ 47, vi.], 
or do you (come) to me when you may. 



44 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XLL 

Comparative and Concessive Clauses. § 61. 

Oral Exercises. 

He speaks as if he knew. He spoke as if he knew. Although 
you are wise I do not believe you. However wise you are, you 
do not know the number of the stars. Granting that you are 
wise, can you foretell the future ? He related Caesar's death, as 
if he had seen it. However loud you speak, he will not hear you. 
Provided you be wise, no one will harm you. 



Translate into Latin. 

1. Do not expect arguments from me, judges, as if there were 
some [aliquid] doubt. 2. Why do I make use of these witnesses, 
as if the matter were doubtful or obscure? 3. Their natural pow- 
ers remain to old men, provided their interest and industry con- 
tinue. 4. Although old age be not burdensome, yet it takes away 
that vigor in which Scipio was even now. 5. Scipio, a very few 
days before his death, as if he presaged(it),discoursed for three days 
on public affairs. 6. The territory, granting that there be ten 
acres apiece, cannot support more than five thousand men. 7. 
(This) excellent man is on his guard not to buy [ne with subj.] 
from (one who is) unwilling. As if truly we did not understand 
that to buy from one who is unwilling is a losing (job) ; from one 
who is willing, profitable. 8. Although he is not at all to be 
despised in speaking, yet he depends rather upon his foresight of 
important matters, than the art of speaking. 9. If you had brought 
me Sicyonian slippers, I would not use (them), however comfort- 
able and well-fitted to the foot they were, because they are not 
manly. 10. Let them hate, provided they fear. 



USE OF CUM. 45 

LESSON XLIL 

Use of Cum. 



Cum, meaning when. § 62, i. 
meaning since. § 63, in. 
meaning although. § 61, 2. 



Oral Exercises. 

When I am at Athens, I always visit Mars' Hill. When I am at 
Athens, I shall visit Mars' Hill. When I was at Athens, I visited 
Mars' Hill. When I leave Athens, I shall return to Rome. Since 
night is approaching, let us depart. Since night was approaching, 
they separated. When night approached, they separated. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. When I compare my action with yours, although I do not 
favor myself more than you, nevertheless I am much better [ma- 
gis] pleased with my action than yours. 2. When ambassadors 
had come to him to beg that he would pardon them and consult 
for their lives \sing.~], he orders the arms to be collected, the 
horses to be brought forward, hostages to be given. 3. You 
who ask this, do somewhat [similiter] as if you asked me why I 
look at you with two eyes and not with one [alter], since I can 
accomplish the same thing with one. 4. He was acquitted by an 
assembly of the Roman people, although he confessed that his sister 
had been killed by his hand. 

Anecdote. 

Agesilaus, the Lacedaemonian, when he haa placed his camp oppo- 
site the Thebans above a river-bank, and understood that the force 
of the enemy was much greater, and for-this-reason wished to re- 
strain his men from the desire of fighting, said that he was ordered 
by an oracle of the gods to fight on high ground [ex collibus] ; 
and thus, placing a small guard at the bank, he approached the hills. 
Which the Thebans interpreting as [pro] fear, crossed the river ; 
and when they had easily driven back the guard, following the rest 
too eagerly [§ 17, v. 1], they were beaten by fewer men, on 
account of the disadvantage of the position. 



46 LATIN COMPOSITION, 



LESSON XLIII. 

Temporal Clauses. §§ 62, n. ; 57, in. 

Antequam and priusquam are often divided into two words, 
when the ante or prills stands as an adverb in the principal 
clause, and quam introduces the subordinate clause ; in this 
case, they are to be translated together in the subordinate 
clause as before or until. § 56, in.; as, 

neque anto dimisit eum quam fidem dedit, nor did he let him 
go until he gave a pledge (Liv. XXXIX. 10). 

Oral Exercises. 

We will wait until you arrive. I wish to see you before Caius 
sets out. I wished to see you before Caius set out. While he was 
standing, the enemy escaped. After they had crossed the river, 
they were attacked by the Gauls. Before they reached the town, 
fighting began. While these things were going on, Caesar set out 
with the tenth legion. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. It greatly concerns each of us, that I see you before you go 
away. 2. He brought all together into one place, before word 
could be brought to the Arvernians of his arrival. 3. The Gauls 
crossed into Italy two hundred years before they laid siege to Clu- 
sium and took Rome. 4. He would have surpassed the fortune of 
all, if it had happened to him to see [ut, &c] you before he de- 
parted from life. 5. Before I approach those (points) which have 
been discussed by you, I will say what I think of you yourself. 
6. While he delays a few days, fear suddenly seized upon all the 
army. 7. I wish you would call-to-mind [§ 68, n.] what I did in 
the Senate in regard to you, after you set out, what I said in the 
assemblies, what letters I sent to you. 

Anecdote. 

Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, when a Campanian matron, 
a guest at her house, was showing her most beautiful ornaments, 
detained her by conversation until her children returned from 
school, and "These," said she, "are my ornaments." 



CAUSAL CLAUSES. 47 



LESSON XLIV. 

Causal Clauses. §§ 63, i. n. ; 43, 6. 

Oral Exercises. 

He hates me, because I am luckier than he. He hates me on- 
the-ground-that I have thwarted him. He is fortunate in having 
you with him. Since Caesar is my friend, I dare resist you. Since 
[Jie thought] Caesar was absent, he opposed his plans. I resisted 
him, not that I thought him an enemy, but I did not approve 
his designs. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. Although, as I have written you before, wherever you are, 
you are in the same boat (with me), yet I congratulate you, be- 
cause you are absent, because you do not see the things that w r e 
(see). 2. I congratulate you on being absent. 3. He accuses 
them of having held discourses of this sort concerning him. 4. I 
had said that this first point needed no argument, because it is 
[§ 57, v.] clear to all that there are gods. 5. I appeared to bear 
my misfortune bravely, — not that I bore it with equanimity, but 
I consoled myself (by) thinking that there would not be a long 
separation between us. 6. I did not accept even that; not that 
I thought (it) inconsistent with my dignity, but because I did not 
suspect that so great a crime was hanging over the republic. 7. 
If you did not know that Metellus thought thus [haec] of me, 
you ought to consider that your brother concealed from you in 
regard to the most important matters ; but if, however, he imparted 
to you something of his plan, I ought to be considered lenient and 
easy by you, since I make no complaint to [cum] you in regard 
to these very matters. 

Anecdote. 

Tarquin the Proud, the father, thinking that the chiefs of the 
Gabinians ought to be put to death, because he was not willing that 
this should be entrusted to any one, made no answer to the mes- 
senger who had been sent him by his son ; nevertheless he struck 
off with a staff the tall heads of the poppies, since by chance he 
was walking in a garden. The messenger, having returned without 
an answer, brought word to the young Tarquin what he had seen 
his father doing. He understood that the same thing was to be 
done to the eminent Gabinians. 



48 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON XLV. 
Final Clauses. § 64. 

To express a negative purpose, ne (lit ne) should be used ; 
and, as in Lesson xxxvii., when an adjective, pronoun, or 
adverb follows, the negative should not be connected with 
it, but with the conjunction ; thus, 

that no one, ne quis ; that nothing, ne quid ; that never, ne um- 
quam ; that no, ne ullus, &c. 

Substantive clauses which express a purpose, following 
verbs of wishing, advising, necessity, &c, often omit the lit 
or ne ; as, 
fac cogites, think. 

Phrases like ut ita dicam, so to speak ; ne plura dicam, 
not to say more, belong under this head. 

Oral Exercises. 
I have come to meet you. I came to meet Balbus. This is a 
pleasant spot, not to say delightful. He is a brave man, — I do 
not say a good man. We fight that we may not be-slaves. He is 
another Plato, so to speak. They founded a city which should be 
a refuge to the distressed. We listen, that we may be more wise, 
We set out at once in order that we might arrive earlier. Beware 
of pardoning [64, iv] . It is necessary that we set out. I will 
ask him to come. I wish you were at Pome. Now, to pass over 
such (points), I will speak of making peace. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. Three hundred of us [we, three hundred], chiefs of the Ro- 
man youth, have sworn that we would assault you [§ 57, in. end] . 
2. I think that something should be given the physician himself, 
that he may be more zealous. 3. I am afraid that our Lyso is 
rather careless. 4. He sends forward to the Boii (men) who shall 
instruct (them) of his arrival, and exhort them to remain in their 
fidelity, and withstand the attack of the enemy with good courage. 
5. She whispers to [with'] herself, but (so) that I may hear. 6. I fear 
you are not wily enough. 



FINAL CLAUSES. 49 

LESSON XLVI. 
Final Clauses (continued). 

Translate into Latest. 

1. This one thing I do not know, whether to congratulate (you) 
or fear for you ; not that I fear that your virtue will not meet the 
expectation of men, but, by Hercules, lest, when you have come 
[Jut. perf.~\, you have no longer (any thing) to care for [quod 
&c] 2. I have sent Antonius to you, that you might deliver to 
him the cohorts. 3. As I myself have always joined Latin with 
Greek, I am of opinion that you should do the same, that you may 
be equal in the use of each speech. 4. In the first place, I wish 
you to consider this, that your feelings are strongly approved by 
me \_dat.~\ . 5. I wish you would send letters as often as possible, 
especially if there shall be any better-established (state of things), 
in-regard-to-which ! we may have-hope. 6. But, to pass over the 
common cause, let us come to ours. Do you think, pray, that 
it was easier for Ligarius to go out of Africa, or for you not to 
come into Africa ? 7.1 fear, Crassus, that I cannot concede those 
two points to you. 8. Do not fear, Hortensius, that I shall ask 
how it was permitted to a senator to build a ship. 

1 Use the relative ; § 52, rv. 



Anecdote. 

Manius Curius, the most perfect type of Roman frugality, and 
at the same time the most complete model of bravery, presented 
himself to the ambassadors of the Samnites, sitting at the hearth on 
a rude stool, and dining out of a wooden bowl. For he despised 
the wealth of the Samnites, (and) the Samnites wondered at his pov- 
erty. For when they had brought to him a great weight of gold, 
sent by the state [publice], he, when invited with kind words to 
be willing to use it, broke into laughter and said at once : "Agents 
of a superfluous, not to say foolish, mission, relate to the Samnites 
that Manius Curius would rather rule the rich than himself be rich ; 
and carry back that costly gift, and remember that I can neither 
be conquered in battle nor corrupted by money.'' 

4 



50 LATIN COMPOSITION, 

LESSON XLVIL 
Consecutive Clauses. § 65, i. 

Notice that in negative results ne is not used, but ut non, 
lit nemo, ut nihil, ut numquam, ut nullus, &c. 

The English idiom often uses as with the infinitive in sen- 
tences of this class ; as, 

quis est tarn ineptus qui hoc credat, who is so silly as to 
believe this ? 

A peculiar construction in Latin is the phrase tantum 
abest, followed by an ut clause as subject, and another as 
result; as, 

tantum abest ut amicitiae propter indigentiam colentur, ut 
ii qui minime alterius indigeant, liberalissimi sint, it is so 

far (from being true) that friendships are sought on account of 
need, that those who need another least, are the most liberal (Am. 
14) ; where the substantive clause ut. . . colantur is subject of 
abest, and the consecutive clause ut . . . sint depends upon 
tantum. 

Oral Exercises. 

Who is so rash as to dare this ? The river is so swift that we 
cannot swim in it. The cold is so great that wine freezes. I am so 
far [abest, not absum] from being unfriendly to you, that I value 
you very highly. Caesar was so far from being defeated that he 
even pursued the enemy. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. His speeches have so much wit, so many illustrations, so 
much elegance, that they almost seem to have been written in 
Attic style. 2. Will no virtue, therefore, ever be so respected by 
you [§ 51, vih. end], that it cannot be injured by suspicion ? 3. 
There cannot be readily found (one) who can give better counsel 
to another [alter] than you ; but at any rate no one will give bet- 
ter to you yourself. 4. If there are but few who love the nobility, 
is that our fault ? 5. The statues of Canachus are too stiff to 



CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 51 

imitate [more stiff than that tliey imitate] truth. 6. He is so far from 
influencing my opinion, that I think he himself should be very 
much ashamed at having departed from his (own) opinion. 7. What 
shrine in Achaia, what place or sacred-grove, has been so (held) 
sacred that any image or ornament is left in it ? 



LESSON XLVIII. 
Consecutive Clauses (continued). 
Quin and Quominus. § 65, n. in. 

Where quin and quominus are used after verbs of hinder- 
ing, &c, the English often uses from with the verbal noun, or 
similar expressions ; as, 

est deterrita numquam quin fleret, she was never prevented from 
weeping (Tib. I. 3, 13). 

Notice that these are strictly substantive clauses ; and that 
quin is used only after negative expressions. 

Oral Exercises . 

Nothing hinders me from aiding Pompey. Nothing hindered 
me from aiding you. I shall never be prevented from rejoicing. 
There is no doubt that Rome is the capital of the world. We do 
not object to your thinking us foolish. Caius left nothing undone 
to frustrate my plans. He was within little of [it was very little 
distant but that] reaching the city. It cannot be [fieri] but that 
you believe this. It was owing to you that I did not go. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. And yet I do not doubt that eloquence has always had great 
force. 2. How can it be doubted that the glory of military ser- 
vice brings much more dignity to winning the consulship, than 
(that) of civil law ? 3. I could not help [praeterire] writing 
to you, and giving thanks. 4'. Caesar, fearing for his men, sent to 
Titus Sextius, the lieutenant, that he should lead his cohorts quickly 
out of the camp, in order that he might terrify the enemy from 
pursuing freely. 5. I cannot help sending to you daily. 



52 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

Epistle. 

Cicero to his Atticus. 

I had not doubted that I was to see you at Tarentum or 
Brundisium, and this had respect to many (points) ; among them, 
that we might tarry in Epirus and use your counsel on other 
things. Since this has not happened, this also will be (ranked) in 
the great number of our misfortunes. Our route is to Asia, espe- 
cially Cyzicum. I commend my (family) to you. I sustain 
myself with difficulty, and wretchedly. Given April 17, from 
the-neighborhood-of-Tarentum [Tarentinum]. 



LESSON XLIX. 

Consecutive Clauses {continued). 
Eelative Clauses §§ 65, iv. ; 69, end. 

In negative relative clauses after general negative expres- 
sions, quin is often used for qui (quod, &c.) non where the 
English uses but ; as, 
nemo est quin hoc dicat, there is no one but says this. 

The accusative quod (§ 52, iv.) is often used idiomatically 
with the Subjunctive in such expressions as quod sciam, so 
far as I know {touching any thing that I know) ; nihil est 
quod doleas, there is no reason for you to grieve {nothing in 
respect to which you should grieve) (Att. VII. 3). 

Oral Exercises. 

I am not worthy of receiving these honors. He is not fit to have 
those honors bestowed upon him [upon whom these honors should 
be bestowed']. Caesar is the only one to whom such honors are due. 
There are (some) who envy me. There were (some) who envied 
me. He is too shrewd to be deceived [shrewder than who can be 
deceived] . Who is there that thinks Titus mad ? Who was there 
that thought Marcus wise ? There was nothing that you did not 
see. 






INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. 53 

Translate into Latin. 
1. There will be many to whom you can properly give letters, 
who will gladly bring them to me. 2. Nor was there any one who 
cared for booty. 3. There were (some) at that time who believed 
that Marcus Crassus had not been ignorant of this design. 4. 
There is no reason for you to hurry. 5. On [ex] each side there 
are some who desire to contend. 6. This is the only place to 
which [quo] they may escape. 7. Who is there of those Greeks, 
who thinks that any one of us understands any thing? 8. There 
is no one of us but knows that you had no enmities with Sex- 
tus Roscius. 9. I have no reason to find fault with old age. 

10. There is no one but understands that that republic is falling. 

11. I ask you this, my Tiro, that you spare expense in nothing, 
so far as there is need for your health. 



LESSON L. 
Intermediate Clauses. § 66. 

Remember that when the subordinate clause is introduced 
as an independent fact, and not a part of the assertion or 
thought in which it is introduced, it takes the Indicative. 

Oral Exercises. 
He came that he might see the games, which then were going 
on. He came that he might see the games that were going on. 
I wish to cross the river, while you will stay in the camp. I wish 
to cross the river while you stay in the camp. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. It is for a good consul not only to see what is going on, but 
also to foresee what is about to be. 2. Not to know what hap- 
pened before you were born, — this is to be always a boy. 3. Men 
pitied not more the punishment than the crime by which they had 
deserved punishment. 4. I would rather he had not given him so 
great strength, than that he should resist him now (that he is grown) 
so strong. 5. I have sent Antonius to you, a brave man and 
especially trusted by me, that you might, if it should seem good to 



54 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

you, deliver to him the cohorts ; in order that, while the time of 
year was suitable, I might be able to perform some operation. 
6. Nature leads (us) to favor those who are entering upon the 
same perils which we have passed through. 7. What great and 
earnest orator, when he wished to make the judge angry with his 
adversary, ever hesitated on this account, — because he did not 
know what anger was, whether a fervor of the mind, or the desire 
of punishing a grievance ? 8. Poets wish each [§ 49, i. end] his 
own work to be examined by the public, in order that, if any thing 
shall be censured by many, it may be corrected. 



LESSON LI. 

Intermediate Clauses (continued). §§ 67, n. ; 70, note. 

Oral Exercises. 

I see that the man of whom you speak is present. He said that 
he came as soon as he saw me. We understand that the city which 
we seek is distant. They understood that the enemy whom they 
were pursuing were not far distant. He understood that the en- 
emy whom he had defeated were retreating. He understood that 
the enemy, whom he had not seen, were approaching. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. I informed Deiotarus that there did not seem to be (any) 
reason why he should be absent from his kingdom. 2. I confess 
that I have zealously followed those (pursuits) , from which true 
glory could arise. 3. I thought that I ought to lead the army 
through that district of Cappadocia which touched upon Cilicia. 
4. If it were doubtful whether they had sought (it) or not, I 
would say why they had sought it. 5. He is of opinion that 
there are gods, because it is necessary that there should be some 
excellent nature, than which there is nothing better. 6. When 
we call the fruits " Ceres," and wine " Liber," we use, to be 
sure, a customary manner of speech ; but do you think any one 
so insane as to believe that that which he eats is a god ? 7. Would 
that I may see that day when I may give you thanks because you 
have compelled me to live. 



FUTURE INFINITIVE. 55 



LESSON LII. 

Special Cases of Accusative with Infinitive. § 67, in. iv. 

In the construction with fore ut, the lit clause is subject of 
the Infinitive fore (futurum esse). This is the most common 
way of expressing a Future Infinitive Passive, and is necessary 
with verbs which have no supine stem. It is the most usual 
form of expression after spero. 

• Oral Exercises. 

I hope to be able. He says that we shall soon be willing. He 
said that he should not fear. I understand that fighting-is-going- 
on. I understand that fighting has been going on. I understood 
that fighting was going on. Remember that you are envied. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. They said that they hoped that these designs which had been 
secretly entered into, contrary to the safety of the city and empire, 
would be brought to fight. 2. All were of opinion that an addi- 
tion would be enrolled in Italy for my legions and (those) of Bibu- 
lus. 3 . You write that the physician is well esteemed [that it is ivell 
thought concerning, &c. ] 4. He will say that he always wished to be 
asked, always to be entreated. 5. Why (he asked) did they urge 
him, already an old man, and (one who had) passed through (all) 
labors and the rewards of labors ? 6. Why, pray (he asked), did 
they fear, or why did they despair of their own valor or lu> [ipse] 
care? 7. If these things [quae] (he urged) were not to be 
borne in a king, or the son of a king, who would bear (them) in 
so many private persons ? Let them see (to it) , lest by forbidding 
men to speak freely in the senate-house, they should even excite 
talk outside the senate-house. When they wished, let them test 
how much braver is [§ 57, v.] a sense-of-grief, than self-seeking. 
For what had they done by [§ 54, i. end] the people? Let them 
not place too much hope in others 1 fear ! 8. Then Ahala Servilius, 
tribune of the soldiers, says that he has been silent so long, not 
because he was uncertain in opinion [§ 50, I. 4], — for what good 
citizen separates his own counsels from the public (counsels) ? — 
but because he preferred his colleagues to yield of their own accord 
to the authority of the Senate than to suffer [imp. subj.'] the power 
of the tribunes to be called upon against themselves. 



56 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON LIH. 

Conditional Clauses in Oratio Oblequa. § 67, i. 2, note. 

In conditional clauses in the Oratio Obliqua, the rule for 
sequence of tenses (§ 57) will determine whether a primary 
or secondary tense of the Subjunctive must be used ; it should 
then be considered whether a tense of completed or incom- 
plete action is required. Thus, 

si voletis, following pollicetur, becomes si velint (B. C. I. 1) ; 
cum venerit [fut.perf. ind.~\ following adlatum erat, becomes 
cum venisset (Liv. XXXY. 35), because adlatum erat is a 
secondary tense, and venerit, being a tense of completed action, 
must take the secondary tense of completed action, — that is, 
the pluperfect ; si faciat, following the historical present agit 
(§ 57, ii.), becomes secondary, but remains a tense of incom- 
plete action, si faceret (B. G. I. 13). 

Oral Exercises. 
If you are well, I am glad. Be assured that if you are well, I 
am glad. I said that if he was well, I was glad. If you should 
do rightly, you would be praised. Remember that if you should 
do rightly, you would be praised. We reminded them that if they 
should do rightly, they would be praised. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. He understood, if he should summon the legions to the prov- 
ince, that they would contend in battle on the march in his absence 
[he being absent], 2. Now I wish that you would persuade your- 
self of this [sic], that if reference is made to the Senate concerning 
these matters, I shall think that the highest praise is awarded to 
me, if you approve my dignity by your verdict. 3. He sees that, if 
the choice of accusing is transferred from boys of rank, whom he 
has hitherto eluded, to brave and respected men, he cannot lord 
it (any) longer in the trials. 4. They say that they wish to 
speak with Caesar concerning most important matters, if an oppor- 
tunity should be given them. 5. The same one says that, if there 
are not gods, there is nothing in all nature better than man ; but 
that any man should think this — that there is nothing better than 
man — he judges is the greatest arrogance. 



CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. 57 

LESSON LIV. 

Epistle. 
Cicero to his Atticus. 
I am eagerly waiting for your advice. I fear that I am absent 
(at a time) when it were more honorable for me to be present : I 
dare not come without-special-reason. Of Antony's movements 
[iter] I hear somewhat [nescio quid] otherwise than as I wrote 
to you. Therefore, I wish you would explain [§§ 64, iv. ; 68, n.] 
every thing, and send me certain (tidings) . Of the rest, what shall 
I say to you ? I burn with zeal for history — for your encourage- 
ment stimulates me incredibly — which indeed can neither be begun 
nor accomplished without your aid. Therefore we will consult 
together upon this at least. At present I wish you would write to 
me in whose consulship \_dbl. dbs.~\ Caius Fannius, son of Marcus, 
was tribune of the people. I think [videor mihi] I have heard 
in the censorship of Publius Africanus and Lucius Mummius. 

Dialogue. 

Tiieopropldes. Well, Tranio, what's going on ? 

Tranio. The country-people are coming from the country : 
Philolaches will be here at once. 

Th. By Pollux, he comes in good time for me. I am of opin- 
ion that this neighbor (of) ours is a bold and bad man. 

Tr. How so ? 

Th. Because he says he does not know you. 

Tr. Says not ? 

Th. And that you never gave him a (single) coin of money. 

Tr. Go away, — you are chaffing me, I am sure. He doesn't 
deny (it). 

Th. What now? 

Tr. I know you're joking now; for he, I am sure, doesn't 
deny. 

Th. Yes, indeed by Pollux, he denies up and down; and 
(says) that he didn't sell this house to Philolaches. 

Tr. Well, now, did he deny that money was given him, I beg 
(to know) ? 

Th. Nay, he promised to give me an oath, if I wished, that 
he neither sold this house, nor was money given him. 



58 LATIN COMPOSITION. 



LV. 

The English Potential. 

The Potential Mood is a name often given, in English, to 
any form of a verb which is constructed with the aid of may, 
can, must, might, could, would, or should. But these words 
are used with great variety and laxity, and give rise to many 
ambiguities. When used simply as auxiliaries, the verb they 
form is a genuine subjunctive ; but they are very com- 
monly principal verbs, in which case the verb which depends 
upon them is an infinitive. 

I. As a Principal Verb. 
Mat denotes permission ; Latin, licet ; as, 
licet tibi venire, you may [have leave to] come. 

Might has the same meaning, being the past tense of may; 
but by a peculiar idiom, when used in this way, it is followed 
by the Perfect Infinitive in English ; as, 
licuit tibi venire, you might have come. 

May and might are also used to express power or possibil- 
ity, and are then rendered by possum ; as, 
potest ita esse, it may be so ; potuit venire, he might have come ; 
this last expression in English may mean either, he had permis- 
sion, licuit, or he had it in his power, potuit. 

He might, with Present Infinitive, is used in the apodosis 
of conditional sentences assumed to be false ; as, 
posset venire, he might come, if circumstances were otherwise. 

Can and Could express power, and are expressed by pos- 
sum ; as, 

possum hoc facere, I can do this ; potui hoc facere, 7 could 
do or could have done this. 

Could often, like might, takes the Perfect Infinitive to ex- 
press past time, and uses the Present Infinitive in either mem- 
ber of a conditional sentence assumed as false ; as, 
hoc facer em si possem, / would do this if I could (but I cannot). 






THE ENGLISH POTENTIAL. 59 

Thus, I could do it is either simple past, potui, or a sub- 
junctive, possem. 

Would and Should are occasionally used as principal 
verbs ; would, like will, expresses a strong determination, and 
is rendered by volo ; as, 

vult ire, he will go ; voluit ire, he would go ; vellet si pos- 
set, he would if he could ; posset si vellet, he might if he 
would. 

Should is present, expressing obligation, and may be ren- 
dered by oportet ; as, 
non oportet eum redire, he should not return. 

Sliall also is sometimes used in a similar way, in a future 
obligation, amounting almost to compulsion ; as, he shall go ; 
i.e. / will make him go. So with the Future Imperative ; as, 
ne facito furtum, thou shalt not steal. 

Must and Ought are likewise principal verbs. Must is 
rendered by the gerundive, which is always passive ; as, 

consul exspectandus est (nobis), we must wait for the consul; 
pugnandum est, we must fight (fighting must be done) . 

Ought is either debeo or the impersonal oportet ; but for 
past time the English uses the Perfect Infinitive, just as for 
might and could ; as, 

debuit hoc facere, or oportuit eum hoc facere, he ought to have 
done this. 

II. As Auxiliaries. 

May and Might express purpose in final clauses (§ 64), 
and are rendered by the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive ; 
as, 

venit ut me videat, he comes that he may see me ; venit ut me 
videret, he came that he might see me. 

Might is also used in softened assertions (§ 61) ; as, 
credat quispiam, one might believe. 



60 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

Can and Could are very rare in this use, but are occa- 
sionally the equivalents of a subjunctive of softened asser- 
tion ; as, 
velim or vellem, I could wish ; quid dixerim, what can I say ? 

Would is used in indirect discourse, to express an action 
which is future in relation to a verb in past time on which 
it depends ; it is rendered by the Future Infinitive ; as, 

dixit se venturum esse or fuisse, he said that he would come or 
would have come. 

Should and* Would are used in conditional sentences 
referring indistinctly to future time, — in the protasis, should ; 
in the apodosis, should (like shall) for the first person, would 
(like will) for the second and third ; in this use they are ren- 
dered by the Present Subjunctive ; as, 

siita faciat, gaudeam, if he should do so, I should rejoice ; gau- 
deas, you would rejoice. 

Should have and would have, in the protasis of conditions 
assumed as false, take the Pluperfect Subjunctive ; as, 
venissem si potuissem, 1 should have come if I could. 

Should and would, like might, can, and could may be used 
for implied conditions ; as, 
quid earn, Why should I go°l laudaveris, one would commend. 



LESSON LVL 

Recapitulation. 
May expresses — 

1. Permission, — licet, with dative and infinitive. 

2. Possibility, — possum, with infinitive. 

3. Purpose, — ut, with present subjunctive. 

Might expresses — 

1. Permission. 

2. Possibility. When followed by perf. inf. in English, licuit 
or potuit with infinitive ; when followed by present infinitive in 



RECAPITULATION. 61 

English, possem, expressing possibility in a supposition assumed 
as false. 

3. Purpose, — ut with imperfect subj. 

4. Used vaguely, in softened assertion. 

Can and Could express — 

1. Power, — possum with infinitive. 

2. Used vaguely, in softened assertion. 

Would expresses — 

1. Determination, — volui or vellem. 

2. In indirect discourse, to represent future time depending on 
a past verb, the future infinitive. 

3. Apodosis of future time, — pres. subj., 2d and 3d persons. 

4. Apodosis of past time, condition assumed as false, — plu- 
perfect subj., 2d and 3d persons. 

5. Used vaguely, in softened assertion. 

Should expresses — 

1. Obligation, — oportet or decet. 

2. Protasis of future time, — present subjunctive. 

3. Apodosis of future time, — pres. subj. 1st person. 

4. Apodosis of past time, false condition, — pluperfect subjunc- 
tive, 1st person. 

5. Used vaguely, in softened assertion. 

Anecdote. 

Themistocles, leader of the Athenians, when he saw that it was 
advantageous to the Greeks to contend in the straits of Salamis 
against the multitude of ships of Xerxes, and could not per- 
suade his (fellow) citizens of this [§ 51, in. end], brought (it) about 
by craft that the Greeks were forced by the barbarians to their own 
advantage [pZwr]. For, feigning treachery, he sent (a person) to 
Xerxes to disclose that his countrymen were considering concern- 
ing flight, and that matters would be harder for him, if he should 
attack the states one by one, by siege. By which means he brought 
it about, first that the army of the barbarians was kept from rest, 
since they were all night at their post of guard ; in the next place, 
that his own men fought with fresh strength with the barbarians, 
(who were) worn out by watching, (and) in a narrow place, as 
he had wished, in which Xerxes could not use the multitude in 
which he had the advantage. 



Yi 



62 LATIN COMPOSITION. 



LESSON LVII. 

Oral Exercises. 

You may go. You must go. You ought to go. You might 
go if you were well. You might have gone. You might have 
gone if you had wished. Who would go into such [so great] per- 
ils ? I wish Caius were present. I wish Caius might be present. 
What could I do ? You could conquer if you would fight. 

Translate into Latin. 
1. They begged nothing else but that they might with their 
lips receive the last breath of their sons. 2. I ought to defend 
his safety no less than mine. 3. Here it might be recognized how 
much protection men have in firmness of soul. 4. You both re- 
fused what you ought not, and received what you had-no-right (to 
receive). 5. The one does not dare to inform us why he is called 
a commander ; the other must in a few days be ashamed to dare. 
6. It was answered on the other side that Aulus Varro offered to 
come on the next day to a conference, and that he [the same one'] 
would see how ambassadors might come in safety and declare what 
they wished. 

Anecdote. 

The physician of Pyrrhus, king of the Epirots, came to Fabri- 
cius, general of the Romans, and promised to give poison to Pyr- 
rhus, if a reward which should be worth his while should be paid 
him. But Fabricius, thinking that his victory had no need of such l 
a crime, informed-against the physician to the king, and by this 
good-faith deserved to drive [that he -drove] Pyrrhus to seek the 
friendship of the Romans. 

1 Use the relative qui at the beginning of the sentence, — quod facinus. 



LESSON LVIII. 

Further Uses of the Relative. 
1. The Relative often stands for a Demonstrative* at the 
beginning of a sentence (§ 48, iv.). This is for the purpose 
of connecting the sentence closely with the preceding (§ 43, 
11), and it is often best to supply a conjunction in Eng- 
lish; as, 






USES OF THE RELATIVE. 63 

quos cum Ariovistus conspexisset but when Ariovistus had 
caught sight of them (B. G. I. 47). 

2. The neuter quod, used adverbially, often commences 
a sentence, followed by si, and may be best 'rendered but, 
now, &c. ; as, 

quod si Luna dea est, ergo etiam Lucifer, etc., but if the moon 
is a goddess, therefore the morning star, too. (N. D. HE. 20.) 

3. When a Relative clause has another subordinate clause 
depending upon it, the Relative may stand in that clause, and 
be understood in its own ; as, 

is fueram, cui cum liceret majores fructus capere, non dubi- 
taverim, I had been one who, although it was permitted me to 
receive greater fruits, did not hesitate (Rep. 4) [for qui, cum 
mini liceret]. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. These two points remain to me from your subdivision. And 
concerning these, if it seems (good) to you, I think we should dis- 
cuss more thoroughly. 2. There are many monuments of thy 
mercy, but chiefly the unharmed-condition \jplur.~\ of those to whom 
you have given safety. And if these things are glorious in private 
persons, much more shall they be recounted in (regard to) kings. 
3. Now if I pushed myself in that direction, I should certainly 
find at once some way of resisting. 4. I attempted-to-satisfy [imp.'] 
the people by purchase, and if this had been arranged carefully, I 
thought the rabble of the city could be withdrawn, and the solitude 
of Italy made-populous. 5. That which uses reason is better than 
that which does not use reason. But nothing is better than the 
world, therefore the world uses reason. In like manner, it can be 
made out that the world is wise, happy, eternal. For all these 
are better than those that are without [carens] them, and nothing 
(is) better than the world ; from which it is made out that the world 
is God. 6. What shall I say of myself, who cannot be relieved, 
although [ut] every thing [omnia] should happen to me which I 
wish? 7. He was informed that all the Belgians, whom we had 
shown to be the third part of Gaul, were conspiring against the 
Roman people. 8. Therefore but-few come to old age, (but) if 
this [quod] did not so happen, we should live [§ 39, 5] both better 
and more prudently. 



64 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON LIX. 

Translate into Latin. 

1. That is an old law of the genuine and true friendship which 
now for a long time I have had [§ 27, i. end] with him, that friends 
always wish the same thing ; nor is there any surer bond of friend- 
ship than the harmony and union of plans and wills. 2. You will say 
surely that he is persuaded to give up his army, and thus become 
consul. 3. As to the people, — he who either envies or favors is 
always a partial judge of dignity. 4. You take pleasure in bring- 
ing some-charge-or-other [§ 67, i. 1, note], even in regard to that 
tribe. 5. He forbade a publican or the slave of a publican to be 
in-the-town [ibi] , in which he himself was, or to which he was 
coming. 6. I entreated Claudia, your wife, and your sister Mucia, 
to deter him from that act of injustice. 7. My enemies have taken 
from me my possessions, not myself. 8. I came to Brundisium, 
April 17. On that day your boys gave me a letter from you, and 
other boys the third day after that day [#en.] brought me another 
letter. 9. As to your calling [quod vocas] me to life, you ac- 
complish one thing, that I withhold my hands from myself; the 
other thing you cannot, that I should not repent our decision and 
(my) life. 10. Each ought to be contented with that (amount) of 
time which is given to him for living. 



LESSON LX. 

Epistle. 
I write this to you reclining in the very villa of Scipio Africanus, 
after adoring his shades and the casket which I suspect to be the 
tomb of the great [tantus] man. His soul indeed I persuade my- 
self has returned into heaven, from which it was ; not because he 
led great armies, — for these the mad Cambyses also had, — but on 
account of his excellent moderation and piety, more admirable in 
him when he left his country than when he defended it : either 
Scipio must [debeo] be wanting to Rome, or Rome without lib- 
erty. " In nothing," he said, " do I wish to detract from the laws 
and institutions. Let right be equal among all citizens. Make 
use of my services, without me, my country. I have been to thee 



ANECDOTE. 65 

a cause of liberty, I will be also a proof (of it) . I go forth, if I have 
grown more than is well for thee." Why should I not admire this 
greatness of mind, by which he departed into voluntary exile, and 
disburdened the state? Therefore great pleasure came upon me, 
contemplating Scipio's customs and ours : in this corner that dread 
of Carthage, to whom Rome owes that [quod] she was captured 
only once, washed his body, weary with rustic labors. For he 
exercised himself with labor, and, as the custom was to the an- 
cients, he himself subdued the earth. 



LESSON LXI. 

Anecdote. 

So many things are going on at Rome, that those which take 
place in the provinces are scarcely heard of. I do not fear that I 
shall seem to arrogate any thing for myself, if I speak of my quaes- 
tor ship. For however brilliant it was, nevertheless I think that I 
have since held the greatest commands in such a way [/ have 
been such (is) in the greatest, etc.'], that there is not so much glory 
to be sought from the reputation of my quaestorship. But yet I 
am not afraid that any one will dare to say that any-one's quaestor- 
ship in Sicily was either more renowned or more popular. At that 
time, I thought that men talked of nothing else at Rome but of my 
quaestorship. Therefore I came away with this hope, that I thought 
the Roman people would offer every thing to me of their own 
accord. But when by chance in those days, for the sake of taking 
a journey, on my way [decedens] from the province, I had come 
by chance to Puteoli, when very many and fashionable men are 
accustomed to be in that neighborhood [loca] , I almost lost my 
balance, when some one had asked me on what day I had gone 
from Rome, and whether there was any thing new. When I had 
answered him [§ 48, iv.] that I was on my way from my province, 
he said, " Yes, to be sure, by Hercules," says he, " from Africa, 
as I think." Already rather-offended, I say to him disdainfully : 
"No, indeed; from Sicily." Then one, as (one) who knew every 
thing, said, " How, don't you know that he was quaestor at Syra- 
cuse ? " In-brief, I left off being offended, and pretended that 
I was one of those who had come to the baths. 

5 



66 LATIN COMPOSITION. 

LESSON LXIL 
Anecdote. 

Thence they came [§ 39, 5] to Sidon, a city renowned for an- 
tiquity and the fame of its founders. Hephaestion was permitted to 
establish as king (the one) of the Sidonians whom he should judge 
most worthy of that rank. The hosts of Hephaestion were young men 
distinguished among their countrymen ; who, when an opportunity 
of reigning was offered to themselves, said that no one, according 
to the custom of the country, was admitted to that rank, unless 
born of royal stock. And they decide that no one is preferable to 
[potior quam] a certain Abdalonymus [§ 67, v.], connected 
with the royal stock, but on account of poverty cultivating a gar- 
den in the suburbs with slender profit. The cause of his [§ 51, 
VI.] poverty was honesty ; and, intent upon his daily work, he did 
not hear the uproar of arms which had shaken all Asia. 

Suddenly then they entered his garden with the insignia of royal 
apparel. Then, after saluting him king, one of them said : " You 
must exchange that filth for this suit of raiment which you see 
in my hands. Take the spirit of a king, and carry that self-re- 
straint of yours into that fortune of which you are worthy. And 
when you sit upon the royal throne, master of the life and death 
of all citizens, do not forget this condition in which — nay, by 
Hercules, on account of which — you receive the royalty." 

The king ordered him straightway to be admitted, and looking 
upon him for a long time, said: "The bearing of your body is 
not inconsistent with the fame of your race ; but I should like 
to know by what patience you have endured poverty."" Then he 
said, " May I be able to endure royalty with the same temper! 
These hands sufficed for my needs. To him who had nothing 
\jpart.'} , nothing was wanting." 



EPISTLE. 67 



LESSON LXIIL 

Epistle. 

Caius Pliny to his Septicius Claras. 

Ho, you promise (to come) to dinner, and don't come [§ 43, 
I. note]. Judgment shall be pronounced, — you shall pay costs to 
a penny, and that not [nee id] trifling. There were prepared a 
head-of-lettuce apiece, three snails apiece, two eggs apiece, olives, 
beets, gourds, onions, a thousand other things no less elegant. 
You would have heard comedians or [§ 43, 3] a reader or a harper 
or — such [quae] (is) my liberality — all (of these). But [§ 43, 
2] you preferred oysters, tripe, sea-urchins, and Gades-fish, with 
nobody-knows-who [§ 67, i. 1, note]. You shall suffer punish- 
ment — I don't say what. You have done rudely ; you have 
grudged — I am inclined to think [§ 67, i. 1, end] yourself — at 
any rate [§ 41, n. 3] me, but yet yourself too. How much we 
should have sported, laughed, studied ! You can dine more showily 
with many, nowhere more gaily, more simply, freer-from-restraint. 
In fine, make-a-trial, and unless hereafter you excuse yourself 
[§ 19, ii.] rather to others, excuse (yourself) to me always. 
Farewell. 



Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by John Wilson and Son. 



VOCABULARY. 



For Numerals and Pronouns, see Grammar, §§ 18-21. 

Regular verbs, of the first, second, and fourth conjugation, are sim- 
ply marked ; for irregular verbs, and all of the third conjugation, the 
stems are given. For nouns, the genitive case is given. 

Phrases and groups of words are given either under the first word, 
or under the verb or noun or both, contained in it. 

In words of more than two syllables, the penult is short, unless 
marked long, or long by position^ 



abdicate, abdico, i [abdic. magis- 
tratum, or abd. se magistrdtu\ 

able (to be), possum (§ 29, HI.). 

about (adv.), fere ; about to do 
any thing, Fut. Part. 

above ("prep.), supra [accus.]. 

absent, absens, ntisj to be absent, 
absum (§ 29, il). 

absolutely, sane. 

abuse, abutor (§ 54, in.), 3, abus-; 
= revile, male dico [dat.]. 

accept, capio, 3, cepi, capt- ; 
(friendship), sequor, 3, secut-. 

accident, eventus, us, M. 

accomplish, conficio, 3, feci, feet- ; 
efficio (some special aim), asse- 
quor, 3, secut-. 

accord, of one's own, sponte, gen- 
erally w. possessive ; ultro. 

according to, ablative case. 

account, on this, eo, ob hanc cau- 
sam ; on account of, ob, propter 
[ace], causa w. gen. (§ 54, 1.) ; 
make no ac, nihili facio [ace.]. 

accursed, scelestus, a, um. 

accuse, accuso, 1. 

accuser, accus ator, oris, M. 



accustomed, to be, soleo (§ 35, 
n.) ; adsuevi (perf. of adsuesco) ; 
imperfect tense of verb. 

Acheron, Acheruns, untis, M. 

acquit, liber 0, 1. 

acre, jtigerum, i n. [sometimes 
gen. jugeris; pi. generally ju- 
geres; [really, about half an 
acre.] 

act (verb), facio, 3, feci, fact-; 
(noun), factum, ij act of in- 
justice, injuria, ae; royal act, 
regium, i (§ 47, 111). 

action, factum, i. 

adapt, acco7nmodo, 1. 

add, addo, 3, didi, dit-j to be add- 
ed, accedo, 3, cessi, cess-. 

addition, supplementum, N. 

administer, gero, 3, gessi, gest-. 

admirable, admirabilis, e. 

admiration, admiratio, onis, F. 

admire, admiror, 1. 

admit, admitto, 3, misi, miss-; (to 
one's self), recipio, 3, cepi, cept-. 

adore, adoro, 1. 

adorn, adorno, 1. 

advance (intr. verb), progredior, 
3, gress-; (trans, verb), augeo, 
2, auxi, auct-. 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



advantage, utilitas, talis, F. 

advantageous, utilis, ey to be 
advantageous, prosum (§ 29, 
iv.) [dat.]. 

adversary, adversarius, i. M. 

advice, consilium, i. N. ; auctori- 
tas, talis, F. 

advise, moneo, 2. 

aedileship, aedilitas, talis, F. 

iEneas, sEneas, ae, an, a (§ 9, 5). 

affability, comitas, talis, F. 

affair, or affairs, res, rei, F. 

afraid, to be, vereor, 2. 

after (prep.), post [ace.] ; also, 
abl. abs. ; (conj.), postqua?n 
(§ 57, in.) ; (adj.), posterus. 

again, rursus, etiam. 

against, contra, adversus [ace.]. 

age, aetas, talis, F. ; old age, sen- 
ectus, tutis, F. 

agent, minister, tri, M. 

ago, abhinc, Less. xxv. 

agreeable, jucundus, a, um. 

agreed (it is well agreed), constat, 
Less. vii. 2. 

aid (verb), adjuvo, \,juvi,jut-y 
(noun), auxilium, i, N. ; adju- 
mentum, n. ; opis, F. (gen. case, 
§ 14, 1. 2 ; 11. 1) ; come to aid, 
subvenio, 4, veni, vent- [dat.]. 

alarmed, to be, trepido, 1. 

Alban, Albanus, a, u?n. 

all, oninis, ey totus, a, um (§ 16, 
1. end) ; at all, omnino y not at 
all, minime, nihil; all of a sud- 
den, derepente. 

alliance, conjimctio, onis, F. 

ally, socius, i, M. 

almost, paene, prope. 

alone, solus, a, tun (§ 16, 1. end). 

already, ja?7i (§ 41, 11. 2). 

although, qua?nquam, etsi, cum, 
quamvis, ut (§ 61, 2). 

altogether, omnino. 

also, et, etiam, quoque (§ 41, 11. 
1) ; but also, turn (§ 43, 8). 

always, semper. 

ambassador, legatus, i, M. 

among, inter [ace] ; in [abl.]. 

ancestors, 7najores, um [pi. adj.]. 



ancient, antiquus, priscus, a, um, 

and, et, atque, ac, -que (§ 43, 1.); 
and not, neque (§ 43, 1. note) . 

anger, iracundia, ae, F. 

angry, iratus [dat.] ; to be an- 
gry, irascor, 3, irat- [dat.]. 

animal, aniinal, alls, N. (§ 11, 1. 1). 

announce, nuntio, renuntio, 1. 

another, alius ; (of two), alter, a, 
itm (§ 16, 1. end) ; from one an- 
other, inter se. 

answer (verb), or make an an- 
swer, respondeo, 2, ndi, ns- ; 
(noun), respo7isum, i, N. 

antiquity, vetustas, talis, F. 

Antony, Antonius, i. 

anxiety, sollicittldo, dinis, F. 

apiece (distributive numeral, 
18, il). 

apparel, vestis, is, F. 

approach, accedo, 3, cessi, cess* 
[in w. ace.] ; aggredior, egress- 
[adw. ace.]. 

appropriate, proprius, a, um 
(§50,111.4). 

approve, probo, comprobo, I. 

April, aprilis, e [adj.]. 

argument, argumentum, i, N. ; 
oratio, onis, F. 

arise, nascor, 3, nat-. 

arms, anna, drum [neut. pi.]. 

army, exercitus, us, m. ; (in line 
of battle), acies, iei, f. 

Arpinatian, Arpinas, dtis (§ 11, 
in. 2, note). 

as (a piece of money), as, assis, m. 

as, ut, quasi, pro [abl.], id quod 
(§ 48, v.); noun in apposition ; as 
if, quasi, tamqua?n (§ 61, 1) ; as 
is due, or as is worthy,//-^ [abl.] ; 
as many as, quot (§ 22, 1.) ; as 
often as, totiens, quotieiis y quo- 
tie scumque y as to, quod per ti- 
ne t ad [ace] ; as yet, adhuc. 

ascertain, cognosco, 3, novi, nit-. 

ashamed, to be, poenitet (§ 50, 
iv. 3). 

ask, Togo, 1 (§ 52, in. 1) ; peto, 3, 
tfvi, tit- [person expressed by 
ab w. abl.] ; quaero, 3, quaeslvi, 



VOCABULARY. 



3 



quaestt- [person expressed by 
ab, de, or ex w. abl.] . 

assault, grassor, i [in w. ace.]. 

assemble (intr.), convenio, 4, veni, 
vent-. 

assembly, conventus, us, m. ; con- 
cio, onis, F. ; (for voting), comi- 
tia, drum (neut. pi.]. 

assent, assentior, 4, ns-. 

assert, praedico, 1. 

assistance, adjumentum, i, N. 

assured, be, scito (§ 33, in. 2). 

at, ad [ace.], in (§ 42, ill.) ; at hav- 
ing, &c. (to express a cause al- 
leged), quod (§ 63,1.); at any 
rate, certe (§ 41, 11. 3) ; at most, 
summum (§ 52, iv.) ; at some 
time, aliquando; at the top of 
his voice, maxi??ium (§ 52, iv.). 

Athenian, Atheniensis, e. 

Athens, Athenae, drum, F. 

attack (verb), aggredior, 3, gress-j 
oppugno, 1 ; (noun), impettis, 4. 

attend, attendo, 3, »<//, ;//-. 

attention, studium, i, N. ; give at- 
tention to, studeo, 2, dui [dat.] . 

Attic, Atticus, a, um. 

audacity, audacia, ae, F. 

August, s exit lis. e [adj.]. 

authority, auctoritas, talis, F. 

avarice, avaritia, ae, F. 

avenge, persequor, 3, secut-. 

averse, remotus [ab w. abl.]. 

avoid, vito, fugito, 1. 

award, tribuo, 3, £#/, but-. 



B. 



back, tergum, i, N. 
bad, malus, a, um. 
balance, to lose one's, concido, 3, 

cidi. 
barbarian, barbarus, a, um. 
bark (verb), latro, 1 
baths, aquae, drum, F. 
battle, proelium, i, N. ; pugna, ae, 

F. ; (line of), acies, iei, F. 
be, ^^;/2 (§ 29) ; be o%abscedo, 3, 

^j\$7, cess- ; be on hand (or with), 



adsum [dat] ; be quiet, taceo, 
2 ; be understood (of a word 
omitted in a sentence), desum. 

beam, trabs, bis, F. 

bear, fero, ferre, tuli, lat- (T. 14). 

bearing, habitus, us, M. 

beast, bestia, ae, F. 

beat, ^r&?rtf, 1 ; (in battle), vinco, 
3, vici, vict-. 

beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrtan. 

because, quid. 

become, flo, fieri, fact- (§ 37, 
vii.) ; (becoming to), decet 
[ace] ; become a boy again, 
repuerasco, 3. 

bed, lectus, i, M. ; to go to, abeo 
cubitu7n (§ 74, 1.). 

beet, betaceus, i, m. 

befit, convenio, 4, veni, vent- 
[dat.]. 

before (prep.), ante ; (conj.), an- 
tequaiji, pritisqua7n (§ 62, II.) ; 
(adv.), antea, ante. 

beg, oro, 1 (§ 52, in. 1) ; peto, 3, 
tivi, tit- [ab w. abl.] ; quaero, 
3, jiW, j-J/- [prep. w. abl.] ; beg 
to know, obsecro. 

begin, incipio, 3, dpi, cept- ; in- 
stituo, 3, tut, tilt- j (perf.), 
coepi (38, 1.). 

behalf (in behalf of), ob [ace.]. 

behind,/^/ [ace.]. 

Belgians, Belgae^ arum. 

believe, credo, 3, didi, dit- (dat. 
of person, ace. of thing (§ 51, 
in. end). 

belong, proprius esse (§ 50, in. 4). 

benefit (verb), prosmn (§ 29, iv.). 
[dat.] ; (noun), beneficium, i, N. 

beseech, peto, 3, tivi, tit- [ab w. 
abl.]. 

besides (prep.), praeter [ace] ; 
(adv.), etiam. 

besiege, obsideo, 2, sedi, sess- ; op- 
pugno. 1. 

best, opti7?ius (§ 17, II.). 

bestow, confero, ferre, tuli, lat- 
[dat. or z/z w. ace] ; impertio, 
4 [dat.] ; (bestow time, or atten- 
tion), adhibeo, 2 [in w. ace.]. 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 



betake one's self, se confero, ferre, 
tuli, lat- [adw. ace.]. 

better, melior, us (§ 17, n.) ; bet- 
ter prepared, paratior, us. 

between (adj.), medius, a, um; 
(prep.), inter. 

beware, caveo, 2, cavi, caut- (§ 51, 

IV.). 

bey ond, praeter [ace.]. 

bind, restringoj astringo, 3, nxi, 
strict-. 

bite, mordeo, 2, momordi, mors-. 

Bituriges, Bituriges, gum. 

blame, reprehendo, 3, ndi, ns-. 

blood, sanguis, guinis, M. 

boast, glorior, 1. 

boat, navis, is, F. 

body, corpus, oris, N. 

bold, audax, dcis. 

bond, vinculum, i. N. 

book, liber, bri, M. 

booty, praeda, ae, F. 

born, ortus (§ 54, viii.) ; to be 
born, nascor, 3, nat-. 

boy \puer, pueri, m.; become a boy 
again, repuerasco, 3. 

brandish, vibro, 1. 

brain, cerebrum, i. n. 

brave, for tis, forte ; audax, dcis. 

bravely, for titer. 

bravery •, fortitildo, dinis, F. 

break into laughter, vultuin risu 
solvo, 3, solvi, solut-. 

breath, spiritus, us, M. 

bribe, donum, i. N. 

bribery, ambitus, us, M. 

brief, in, quid multa? 

briefly, pauca. 

brilliant, be,floreo, 2, rui. 

bring, fero,ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, 
iv.) ; afferoj perferoj bring 
about, efficio, perficio, 3, feci, 
feet- ; bring charge against, cri- 
minor, 1 ; bring forward, produ- 
co, xi, ct-; bring out, effero j 
bring to light, illustro, 1 ; bring 
to pass, efficio; bring together, 
cogo, 3, coegi, coact-j bring word, 
nuntio, renuntio. 

brother, frater, tris, M. 



build, aedifico, 1. 

burden, onus, oneris, N. 

burdensome, gravis, e. 

burn (intr.), ardeo, 2, arsi, ars-j 

(tran.), uro, 3, ussi, ust-. 
bury, defodio, 3, fodi, foss-. 
business, res, rei, y.j negotium, i. 

N. ; ratio, onis, F. ; (a concern), 

curatio, onis, F. 
but, sed, at, autem, vero (§ 43, 2) ; 

(unless, or except), nisi; after 

general negative expressions, 

quin, Less, xlviii. ; but little, 

parum. 
buy, emo, 3, emi, empt-. 



Caesar, Caesar, dris. 

call, voco, appello, 1 ; dico, 3, xi, 

ct-; call, evoco, 1 ; call to mind, 

recordor, 1 ; call upon, implo- 

ro, 1. 
calm, placidus, a, urn. 
Cambyses, Cambyses, is. 
camp, castra, ormn [n. pi.]. 
can = be able, possum (§ 29, ill.) ; 

cannot, nequeo, 4 (§ 37, viii.). 
Cannae, of, Cannensis, e (§ 47, v.). 
capital, caput, itis, N. 
Capitol, Capitolium, i, N. 
capture, capio, 3, cepi, capt-. 
care, cura,^ ae, f. ; (watchfulness), 

diligentia, ae, F. ; care for, and 

take care of, euro, 1 [ace] ; stud- 

eo, 2, dui [dat.]. 
carefully, diligenter. 
careless, negligens, ntis. 
carry, perfero, ferre, tuli, lat- 

(§ 37, iv.) ; carry away, aufero, 

ferre, abstuli, ah lat-; carry on, 

(war), gero, 3, gess, gest- ; infer o, 

§ 37, iv.) [dat.]. 
Carthage, Karthdgo, ginis, f. [lo- 

cat. gint], 
Carthaginian, Karthaginiensis, e. 
casket, area, ae, F. 
Cassius, of, Cassidnus, a, um 

(§ 47, v.). 



VOCABULARY. 



catch, capio, 3, cepi, capt- ; catch 
sight of, conspicor, 1 [ace.]. 

Catiline, Catiiina, ae. 

Cato, Cato, onis. 

cattle, pecus, pecoris, N. 

cause (verb), facto, 3, feci, fact- 
(Less. iv.) ; be caused, fio, fieri, 
fact- (§ 37, vii.) ; (noun), causa, 
ae, F ; (also expressed by dat. 
of end, § 51, vii.). 

cautious, be cautious for, caveo, 2, 



cavi, caut- 



cavalry, equitatus, us, M. 
censor, censor, oris, M. 
censure, reprehendo, 3, ndi, ns-. 
Ceres, Ceres, Cereris, f. 
certain (sure), certus, a, um ; (a 

certain), quida7n (T. 6.) 
certainly, profecto. 
chaff, to, ludo, 3, lusi, /us-. 
chance (verb), cado, 3, cecidi, cas-; 

(noun), casus, us, M. ; by chance, 

forte. 
change, muto, 1 [ace. of thing re- 
ceived, with abl. of thing given] . 
character, mores, um, M. [pi. of 

mos~\ . 
charge, or bring charge, criminor, 

1 [ace] ; charge falsely, insim- 

ulo, 1 ; (noun), crimen, inis, N. 
chase, sector, 1. 
chest, area, ae, F. 
chief, princeps, cipis; (pi), primo- 

res. 
chiefly, imprimis, maxime. 
choice, voluntas, tatis, F. 
choose (select), deligo, 3, legi, led-. 
Cicero, Cicero, onis. 
citizen, civis, is, M. 
citizenship, civitas, tatis, F. 
city, urbs, urbis, F. ; of the city, 

urbanus (§ 47, v.). 
civil, civ f lis, e. 
class, genus, generis, N. 
clear, clarusj (of sky, &c), sere* 

nus; (of style), perspicuus, a, 

um. 
coast, ora, ae, F. 
cohort, cohors, lis, F. 
coin, nummus, i, m. 



cold, frigus, frigoris, N. 
colleague, collega, ae, M. 
collect, confero, ferre, tuli, lat- 

(§ 37, iv. ; comparo, 1.) 
colonist, colonus, i, M. 
colony, colonia, ae, F. 
come, venio, 4, veni, vent-j come 

to aid, subvenio [dat.] ; come 

away, decedo, 3, cessi, cess-j come 

to one's senses, se colligo, 3, 

legi; come upon, subeo, 4, ii, it- 

(§ 37, vi.). 
comedian, comoedus, i, M. 
comfortable, habilis, e. 
comitia, comitia, orui7i, N. 
command (verb), impero, 1 (§ 51, 

in. end) ; (noun), imperium, i, N. 
commander, imperator, oris, M. 
commencement, initium, i, N. 
commend, commendo, 1. 
commit, com7nitto, 3, misi, miss- 

(Less. iv.) ; (a crime), facio, 3, 

feci, fact-. 
common, communis, e; (public), 

publicus, a, um. 
commonalty, plebs, plebis, F. 
compare, comparo, 1 ; confero, 
ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.) [ace. 

and dat. or abl. w. cum], 
comparison, comparatio, onis, F. 
compel, cogo, 3, coegi, coact- [ace. 

w. inf.]. 
complaint, make, expostulo, 1 

[make no complaint, nihil 

exp.~\ 
complete, perfectus, a, um. 
conceal, celo, 1 [two accusatives, 

or accusative of person, and 

abl. of thing with de (§ 52, 

in. 1)]. 
concede, concedo, 3, cessi, cess-. 
concerning,^ [abl.]. 
concerns, it, interest (§ 50, iv. 

4). 

condemn, condemno, 1. 

condition (state), status, us, m. ; 
(of a treaty), lex, legis, F. ; un- 
harmed condition, incolumitas y 
tatis, F. ; (terms), conditio, onis. F. 

conference, colloquium, i, n. 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 



confess, fateor, 2,/ass-y confiteor, 
2, confess-. 

confidence, fides, dei, F. ; spirit 
of confidence, fiducia, ae, F. ; 
want of confidence, diffidentia, 
ae, F. 

congratulate, gratulor, i [dat.]. 

congratulation, gratulatio, 07iis. 

connected, annexus, a, u?n [dat.]. 

conquer, vinco, 3, vici, vict-. 

conqueror, victor, oris, M.y vie- 
trix, tricis, F. 

conscience, conscientia, ae, F. 

consecrate, sacro, 1. 

consider (think about), co7tsidero, 
p07idero, cogito, 1 ; (regard as), 
duco, 3, duxi, duct- j existi77io, 
arbitror, 1 ; (for the interests of), 
consulo, 3, sului, suit- [dat.]. 

consolation, solatium, 2, N. 

console, solor, 1 . 

conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, F. 

conspire, co7ijuro, 1. 

consul, consul, sulis ; of the con- 
sul, co7isuldris, e (§ 47, v.). 

consulship, consuldtus, us, M. 

consult, co7isulo, 3, sului, sult- 
(§ 51, iv.) ; consult upon, co7i- 
fero,ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.). 

contemplate, conte77iplor, 1 [ace.]. 

contend, contendo, 3, ndi, 7it-j de- 
cerno, 3, crevi, cret- j certo, di- 
mico, 1. 

contented, contentus, a, um [abl.] 

contention, contentio, onis, F. 

contract, give, loco, 1 [ace. with 
gerundive in agreement]. 

contrary to, contra [ace.]. 

control, ad7ninistro, 1 ; (hold in 
check), ?7ioderor, 1 [dat.]. 

convene, co7ivoco, 1. 

conversation, ser7no, 07iis, M. 

convey, confero, fe7're, tuli, lat- 
§ 37, iv.). 

convict, da7nno, 1 (§ 50, iv.). 

Corcyraean, Corcyraeus, a, iwt. 

corn, frume7itum, i, N. 

corner, angulus, i, M. 

correct, corrigo, 3, rexi, red-. 



corrupt, corrmnpo, 3, rupi, nipt-. 
council, consilium, i.j concil- 

iU77l, i, N. 

counsel, co7isiliu77i, i, N. ; need of 
counsel, opus consulto (§ 54, 
vii.) ; mad counsels, furor, oris', 
take counsel against, co7isulo, 
3, sului, suit- \J7i w. ace] 

count, 7iu77iero, 1. 

countenance, vultus, us, M. 

country (opposed to city), rus, ru- 
ris, N. (§ 55, in.) ; agri, oru77i, M. 
(fields) ; (fatherland), patria, ae, 
F. ; of one's country, patrius, a, 
U7n; country people, rtcstici, 
drum, 

countryman, populdris, is j fel- 
low-citizen, possessive adj. 

courage, virtus, tutis, F. ; anit7tus, 
i, m. ; good courage, magtius 
a7ii7nus. 

course, i77ipetus, us, M. 

court, stipplico, 1 ; t7tservio, 4 
[dat.] . 

courtesy, offichun, i. N. 

coward, ig7idvus, i. M. 

cradle, cunae, artwi [f. pi.]. 

craft, s oiler tia, ae, F. 

crazy, be, i7isanio, 4. 

create, creo, 1 . 

creditor, creditor, oris, m. 

crime, see his, eris ; faci7ius , oris, N. 

cross, transeo, 4 (§§ 37, vn. ; 33, 
ill. ; supero, 1 ; trajicio, ?>,jeci, 
ject-j trans7nitto, misi, 3, 7niss-j 
transcendo, 3, ndi, ens-. 

crowds, in, freguens, 7itis. 

cruel, crtidelis, e. 

cruelty, C7'udelitas, talis, F. 

cry, vagio, 4 ; cry out, excld77to, 1 . 

cultivate, colo, 3, colui, cult-. 

cultivated, hii77id7ius, a, um. 

Curio, Curio, 07iis. 

curse, 7nale dico, 3, dixi diet- 

[dat.]. 
custody, custodia, ae, F. 
custom, mos, i7ioris, M. 
customary, usitdtus, a, um. 
cut to pieces, caedo, 3, cecldi, caes-. 



VOCABULARY. 



D. 



daily (adj., by day), diurnus, a, 

umj (every day), quotidianus, 

a, um) ; (adv.), quotidie. 
dance, salto, i . 
danger, periculum, i. N. 
dangerous, periculosus, a, um. 
dare, audeo, 2, ausus (§ 35, n.). 
day, dies, ei, m. [sometimes fern. 

in sing.] ; this day, hodiernus 

dies ; day after, dies posterus. 
daybreak, at, prima luce. 
dead, mortuus, a, um. 
dear, cams, a, um. 
death, mors, rtis; nex, necis, F. ; 

put to death, interficio, 3, feci, 

feet-. 
deceitful, fallax, acis. 
deceive, decipio, 3, cepi, cept-j 

fallo, %fefelli,fals-. 
decide, statuo, 3, tui, statut-. 
decision, consilium, i. N. 
declare, profiteor, 2, profess- j 

(make clear), expono, 3, posui, 

posit-; (war), indico, 3, dixi, 

diet- [dat.]. 
decree (verb), decerno, 3, crevi, 

cret- ; (noun), consultum, i. n. 
dedicate, dedico. 1. 
defeat, vinco, 3, vici, vict-. 
defence, praesidium, i. n. 
defend, defendo, 3, ndi, ns-j tueor, 

2, tuit-, or tut-. 
defender, def elisor, oris, M. 
defraud, fraudo, 1 [abl.]. 
delay (verb), moror, 1 ; (tr. verb), 

retineo, 2, tinui, teni-j (noun), 

mora, ae, F. 
delight, cordi (§ 51, vn.). 
delightful, jucundissimus, a, um. 
deliver, trado, 3, didi, dit-. 
demand, posco, 3, poposci [two 

accusatives] ; postulo, 1 \ab w. 

abl.]. 
demolish, demolior, 1. 
deny, nego, 1. 
depart, abeo, 4 (§ 37, vi. ; 33, in. 

1) ; decedo, discedo, excedo, sece- 

do, 3, cessi, cess- ; emigro, 1. 



departure, discessus, us, M. ; (set- 
ting out), prof ectio, onis, F. 
depend on, nitor, 3, nis-, or nix-. 

[abl.]. 
deprived, be, careo, 2 [abl.]. 
desert, desero, 3, serui, sert-. 
descended, ortus, a, um (§ 54, 

VIII.). 

deserve, mereo, or mereor, 2. 

design, consilium, i. N. 

desire (verb), cupio, concupisco, 
3, tvi, tt-j (wish), desidero, 1 ; 
desire more, malo, § 37, in. 
\_quam~\ ; (noun), cupiditas, ta- 
lis, F. ; studiujn^ i, N. ; voluntas, 
talis, F. 

desirous, cupidus, a, um. 

desist, desisto, 3, stiti, slit-. . 

despair, despero, I. 

despise, contemno, 3, tempsi y 
tempt-. 

destroy, deleo, 2, levi, let-j per do, 
3, didi, dit-. 

destruction, interitus, us, M. 

detain, traho, 3, traxi, tract-. 
\ deter, deterreo, 2. 
j determine, statuo, 3, tui, tut-. 
j determined, be, certmn est (Less. 

VII.). 

detract, derogo, 1 [dat.] . 

dictator, dictator, oris, M. 

die, morior, 3, mortuus, moritu- 

rus. 
difficulty, difficultas, talis, F. ; 

with difficulty, vix. 
dignity, dignitas, talis, F. ; honor, 

oris, M. 
diligence, diligentia, ae, F. 
dine, ceno, 1. 
dinner, cena, ae, F. ; after dinner, 

cenatus, a, um (§ 47, vn.). 
direct, praescrlbo, 3, psi, pt-. 
direction, pars, partis, F. 
disadvantage, iiiiquitas, talis, F. 
disburden, exonero, 1. 
dsclose, indico, 1. 
discourse (verb), dissero, 3, rui, 

rt-; (noun), ser?no, onis, M. ; 

oratio, onis, F. 
discover, invenio, 4, ven, vent-. 



8 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



discuss, dissero, 3, rui, rt-j dis- 
pute), 1. 

disdainfully, fastidiose. 

disgraceful, turpis, e. 

disparage, vitupero, 1. 

dispute, controversial ae, F. 

dissatisfied, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3). 

dissuade, avoco, 1 \_ab w. abl.] . 

distant (ad).),distans, ntisj (adv.), 
or, at a distance, proculj be dis- 
tant, absum (§ 29, 11.). 

distinguish, tfr/z#, 1. 

distinguished, clarus, a, um. 

distress, ango, 3, anxi, net-. 

distressed, abjectus, a, um. 

district, regio, on is, F. 

disturbance, perturbatio, onis, F. 

divine, divinus, a, tun. 

do f facio, 3, feci, fact- y ago, 3, egi, 
act- j an auxiliary in interroga- 
tive and negative sentences ; do 
good, prosiun (§ 29, iv. [dat.] ; 
do not (in prohibitions) cave, 
with pres. subj. (§§ 58, in. note ; 

64, iv.). 
doctrines, n. pi. of adj. 
dominion, imperiit??i, i. n. 
done for, be, pereo, 4, ii, it- (37, 

VII. ; 33, in. 1). 
door, janua, ae, F. ; out of doors, 

for as. 
doubt (verb), or be in doubt, du- 

bito, 1 ; esse dubium [dat.] . ; 

(noun), dubiu?n [n. adj.]. 
doubtful, dubius, a, urn. 
doubtless, nimlrum. 
dread (verb), praemetuo, 3 ; 

(noun), horror, oris, m. 
dream, somnio, 1. 
drive, compel lo, 3, puli, puis- j 

a g°i 3> e gh act-; (away), de- 

pello, expello ; drive back, de- 

pello. 
due, to be, passive of debeo, 2. 
during, accusative case (§ 55, 1.). 
duty, munus, eris, N. ; duty, or 

sense of duty, officium, i. N. 
dwell, habito, 1. 
dwelling, habitatio, onis, F. 



E. 



each, quisque, unusquisque, uter- 

que (T. 6). 
eager, cupidus, a, um. 
eagerly, avide. 
eagerness, with greatest, summa 

ope. 
ear, auris, is, F. 
early, mature. 
earnest, gravis, e. 
earnestly, vehementer, magno 

opere. 
earnestness, dilige7itia, ae, F. 
earth, terra, ae, f. ; of earth, ter- 

renus, a, um (§ 47, v.). 
ease, otium, i. n. 
easily, facile. 
easy, facilis, e. 
eat, vescor, 1 (§ 54, ill.), 
eddying, aestus, us, M. 
education, doctrina, ae, f. 
effect, have, valeo, 2. 
either (adj.), utervis (T. 6) ; 

(conj.), aut, vel (§ 43, 3 [either 

... or, aut . . . aut\. 
elect (verb), facio, 3, feci, fact-, 

creo, 1 ; (adj.), designatus . 
elegance, urbanitas, talis, F. ; 

numanitas, talis, F. 
elegant, elegans, ntis. 
eloquence, eloquentia, ae, F. ; ora- 

tio, onis, f. 
eloquent, eloquens, ntis; disertus, 

a, um. 
else, aliud. 

elude, elildo, 3, lusi, lus-. 
eminent, eminens, ntis. 
emperor, imperator, oris, M. 
empire, imperium, i, n. 
employ (make use of), utor, 3, 

us- (§ 54, in.). 
empty, inanis, e. 
encamp, castrafacio, 3, feci, fact-. 
encouragement, cohortatio, onis, 

F. 

endure, fero,ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, 

iv.) ; patior, 3, pass-. 
enemy, hostis, is, C. ; (private), 

inimicus, i. M. 



VOCABULARY. 



9 



enhance, augeo, 2, auxi, auct-. 
enjoy, fruor, perfruor, 3, fruct- 

(§54,111.). J 
enjoyed, usitatus, a, U7Ji. 
enjoyment, delectatio, onis, F. 
enmity, inimicitia, ae, F. 
enough, satis (§ 50, 11. 4). 
enrol, scribo, 3, fist, fit-, 
enter, intro, 1 ; ingredior, egress-; 

introeo, 4, u 9 it- (§ 37, vi.) ; 

enter into, ineo ; enter upon, 

ingredior [ace.]. 
entreat, oro, ex oro, obsecro, sup- 

plico, 1 ; ago cum. 
entrust, co?nmitto, 3, mtsi, miss-. 
Epaminondas, Efiaminondas, ae. 
Epicurean, Efiicureus, i. 
Epirot, Efiirotes, ae, M. 
equal, fiar, fiar is (T. 4) ; aequa- 

/is, e : make equal, adaequo, 1. 
equanimity, aequus animus. 
err, erro, 1 . 
escape, evado, 3, vasi, vas-j 

(intr. ),perfiigio, 3, fug-. 
especially, imfirums. praeserttm, 

7naxitne, fiotissi?7tum. 
establish, constituo, 3, tut, tilt-. 
established, well, ftrutus, a, U77i. 
esteem, facio, 3, feci, fact-j hab- 

eo, 2. 
esteemed, to be (dat. of end, § 51, 

VII.). 

estimation, in est. of, afiud [ace.] . 

eternal, aetemtis, a, um. 

Etruscan, Etruscus, a, um. 

even, etiant, quoque (§ 41, II. 1) ; 
ipse (§ 20, 11. note) ; not even, 
ne . . . quide77t (§ 41, II. 5) ; even 
if, etia77isi. 

ever, umquam (only with nega- 
tive, &c, T. 6). 

every, ot7mis, e. 

evil, malus, a, um. 

examine, co7tsidero, 1. 

excel (trans.), firaesto, stiti, stit-', 
or stat- j atttecedo, 3, cessi, cess- 
[dat. or ace] ; (intr.), excel- 
lo, 3). 

excellent, egregtus, a, um; firae- 



stans, ntisj firaestabilis, ej ofi- 

ti77tus, firaeclarus, a, um. 
excess, 7ii77tia [n. pi. § 47, iv.]. 
exchange, permuto, 1 [ace. of the 

thing given] . 
excite, 77ioveo, 2, 77iovi, 771 ot- ; 

(strongly), i7tfla77t77io, 1 ; (war), 

i7ifero,fe7're, tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv. 

[dat.]. 
excuse, excitso, 1. 
exhort, hortor, 1. 
exile, exsiliu77i, i. n. ; an exile, 

exsul, sulisj in exile, extorris, 

e [abl.]. 
expect, sfiero, arbitror, 1 ; (wait 

for), exsfiecto, 1. 
expectation, exsfiectatio, onis, F. ; 

ofii7iio, onis, F. 
expense, S7i77ifitus, us, M. 
experience, exercitatio, onis, F. 
experienced, fierttus, a, utn 

[gen.]. 
explain, exfiheo, 1. 
expression, an, vox, vocis, F. 
extant, be, exsto, 1. 
extinguish, extitiguo, 3, nxi, net-. 
eye, oculus, i. M. ; in eyes of, afiud 

[ace.]. 



P. 



faith, fides, ei. F. 

f aithful, fi delis, e. 

Faliscan, Falls cus, a, U7n. 

fall, ruo, 3, rui, rut- ; corruo. 

falsehood, 77te7idaciti77t, i. N. 

fame, fat7ta, ae, f. 

family, one's, poss. adj. masc. pi. 

famine, fa77tes, is, F. 

far, longe. 

farewell, vale. 

fashionable, lautus, a, U7n. 

fast, cito. 

fatal, capitalis, e. 

fate, fortiitia, ae, F. 

father, pater, patris, M. 

fault, culpa, ae,¥.; find fault with, 

accuso, 1. 
favor (verb), or be favorable, fa- 

veo, 2, favi, faut-j studeo, 2, 



10 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



dui [d.3,t'] ; (noun), gratia, ae,F. 
fear (verb), timeo, 2, mui; me- 

tuo, 3, tui ; vereor, 2 ; praeme- 

tuo, ftertimesco, 3 [§ 51, iv.] ; 

(noun), timor, oris, M. ; 7netus, 

US, M. 
feel, sentio, 4, sensi, sens-. 
feelings, animus, i, M. 
feign, simulo, 1. 
fervor, fervor, oris, M. 
few, but few, pauci, ae, a ; parum 

7nulti; very lew, per pauci. 
fickle, levis, e. 
fidelity, ^d^, ei, F. 
fierce, acer, cris, ere (§ 16, 11. 1). 
fight, ftugno, \,dimico, 1 ; decerno, 

3, crevi, cret- ; confligo, 3, flixi, 

flict-. 
fillet, infula, ae, f. 
filth, squalor, oris, M. 
find, invenio, 4, -z^F/zz, vent-j re- 
ft erio, 4, /^r/, pert-; rind fault 

with, accuso, 1. 
fine, praeclarus, a, um; in fine, 

z>z summa. 
finish, or finish up, coiificio, 3, feci, 

feet-. 
fire, z£7zz>, is, m. ; set on fire, in- 

cendo, 3, /zdz, ns-. 
firm., ft rmus, a, tun. 
firmness, ft rmitas, tatis, F. 
first, ftri?nus, a, tun; ftrinceps, 

ciftis. 
fit, idoneus, a, um (§ 65, iv. 1). 
flee, fugio, 3, fugi, fugit-. 
fleet, e las sis, is, F. 
flight, /?/£#, ae, F. 
flock, pecus, ftecoris, N. 
floWjftuo, 3,ftuxi,ftux-. 
fly (= flee), fugio, 3, fugi, fugit-. 
follow, sequor, insequor, 3, secut-j 

(advice), utor, 3, us- (§ 54, 111.). 
follower, sectator, oris, M. ; masc. 

adj. 
folly, stultitia, ae, F. 
fond, studiosus, a,um [gen.]. 
foolish, stultus, a, U7n; inefttus, 

a, um. 
for (prep.), ad, in; (advantage), 

dato case ; (characteristic), gen. 



case ; (conj.), na7n, enim, nam- 

que (§ 43, 4) ; for this reason, 

ideo. 
forbid, veto, 1 ; vetui, vetit-. 
force (verb), cojriftello, 3, ftuli, 

ftuls-j (noun), vis, F. (§ 11, 1. 

5); (a force), manus, us, f.; 

forces, copiae, arum, F. 
foreign, exlerus, alienus, a, um. 
foresee, provideo, 2, vidi, vis- 

(§ 51, iv.). 
foresight, prudentia, ae, F. 
foretell, praedico, 3, dixi, diet-. 
forget, obliviscor, 3, lit- (§ 50, 

iv. 1). 
forgetful, i7nmemor, oris. 
form, ftngo, 3, nxi, ftct-; (form 

plans), ineo, 4, ii, it- (§§ 37, 

vi. ; 33, in. i.j. 
former, superior, us. 
formula., formula, ae, F. 
fortified, munltus, a, um. 
fortify, co7mnunio, 4. 
fortunate, fortunatu s, a, um. 
fortune, for tuna, ae, F. 
i brum, foru77t, i, n. 
found, co7ido, 3, didi, dit-. 
founder, conditor, oris, M. 
fox, vulpes, is, F. 
frail, fragilis, e. 
f r au d, fra us , fraudis, F . 
free, libero, 1. 
freely, libere; free from restraint, 

ificaute. 
freeze, gelo, gelor, 1. 
frequent, creber, bra, bru7n. 
fresh, i7iteger, gra, gnan. 
friend, a77iicus, i, m. 
friendship, a77iicitia, ae, F. 
from, ab, ex, de (§ 42, iv.) ; (af- 
ter verbs of hindering, &c), quin, 

quo77iinus (Less, xxxvm.). 
front, in . . . of, a7ite [ace.]. 
frugality, frugalitas, tatis, F. 
fruits, fruges, U7n (§ 14, 1. 2). 
frustrate, iritum facio, 3, feci, 

fact-. 
full, plenus, a, U77i [gen. or abl.]. 
furthest, extretnus, a, U77t. 
future, the, futura [n. pi.]. 



VOCABULARY. 



11 



G. 



Gabinian, Gablnus, a, um. 
Gades-fish, gaditana, ae, F. 
gayly, hilar e. 
game, ludus, i, M. 
garden, hortus, i, M. 
Gaul (the country), Gallia, ae, 
F. ; (an inhabitant), Gallus, 

i, M. 

general, i?nperator, oris, M. 

genial, suavis, e. 

geniality, suaviias, talis, F. 

gentle, lenis, e. 

genuine, ju stus, a, um. 

get (possession of), potior, 4 (§ 54, 
III.) ; get back, repeto, 3, tlvi, 
tit-. 

give, do, 1, dare, dedi, dat-; red- 
do, 3, didi, dit-; t give attention, 
studeo, 2, dui [dat.] ; give a 
contract, loco, 1 [with gerun- 
dive] ; give over, 3, trado, 3 ; 
give thanks, gratias ago, egi, 
act- j give away, cedo, cessi, 
cess-. 

glad, be, gaudeo, 2, gavis- (§ 35, 
11.) ; be glad to be, sum liben- 
ter. 

gladly, libenter, laetus (§ 47, vi.). 

glorious, gloriosus, a, um, 

glory, gloria, ae, F. 

go, eo, 4 (§ 37, vi.) ; proficiscor, 
3, feet- j (advance), vado, 3, 
vasi, vas- ; pergo, 3, rexi, red-; 
(arrive), pervenio, 4, veni, vent-j 
go away, abeo, decedo, 3, cessi, 
cess-; go from or forth, exeo, 
egredior, 3, gress- [ab, ex, de, 
or abl.] ; go off, abeo; go on 
(be performed), pass, of ago, 3, 
egi, act- ; (of games), fio (§ 37, 
vii.) ; go to bed, abeo cubitum; 
go to sleep, co?idormio, 4 ; go- 
ing to do a thing, fut. act. part. 

god, deus, M. (§ 10, 7). 

goddess, dea, F. (§ 9, 4). 

gold, aurujn, i, N. 

good, bonus, a, um (§ 17, 11) ; 
good courage, ?nagnus animus ; 



good faith, fides, fidei, F. 
good will, benevolentia, ae, F. ; 
good for nothing, nihili (§ 54, ix. 
2) ; do good to, prosum (§ 29, 
iv.) [dat.]. 

goose, anser, eris, m. 

grandson, nepos, potis, M. 

grant, tribuo, 3, bui, but-; conce- 
do, 3, cessi, cess-; (bestow), lar- 
ger, 4. 

granting that, licet, ut (§ 61, 2). 

great, magnus, a, um (§ 17, 11.) ; 
how great, quantus, a, um; 
so great, tantus, a, um (§ 22, 
1) ; greatest (of qualities), sum- 
mits, a, um (§ 17, in.). 

greatly, magni (with interest, &c. 
§§ 50, iv. 4 ; 54, ix. 1). 

greatness, ?nagnitudo, inis, F. 

great-grandfather, proavus, i, M. 

Greece, Graecia, ae, f. 

greediness, etipiditas, talis, F. 

Greek, Graecus, a, um ; (the lan- 
guage), Graeca [n. pi.]. 

grievance, or sense of grief, dolor, 
oris, M. 

grieve, doleo, 2, dolui. 

ground, solum, i, N. ; (reason), 
causa, ae, f. 

grove, sacred, lucus, i, M. 

grow, cresco, 3,crevi,cret-; orior, 
3, ort-. 

grudge, invideo, 2, vidu vis- (ace. 
and dat. § 51, in. end). 

guard against, or be on one's 
guard, caveo, 2, cavi, caut-; 
(noun), custodia, ae, F. ; ftrae- 
sidium, i. N. 

guardian, custos, todis, M. 

guest, hospes, pitis, c. 

guilty of, astrictus, a, um [abl.] . 



H. 



hand, manus* us, F. 
hang over, impendeo, 2 [dat.] ; 
and be hanged to you, dierecte. 
hanging, dej?endens, ntis. 



12 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



Hanno, Hanno, onis. 

happen, fto (37, vm.) ; (to any 
one, favorable), contingo, 3, tigi, 
tact- j (unfavorable), accido, 3, 
cidi, cas-. 

happy, beatus, a, um. 

harbor, portu s, us, ubus, M. 

hard, difficilis, e. 

hardly any one, nemo fere. 

harm, noceo, 2 [dat] . 

harmony, consensus, us, M. 

harper, lyristes, ae, M. (§ 9, 5). 

haste, festinatio, onis, f. ; (need 
o£),properato (§ 54, vm.). 

hasten, festino, 1. 

hate, odi (§ 38, 1). 

hatred, odium, i, N. 

have, habeo, 2 ; dative case (§ 51, 
vi.) ; (a quality, § 50, I. 2) ; 
have effect, valeo, 2 ; have hope, 
spero, 1 ; have leave, or right, 
licet (Less, vn.) ; have need, 
egeo, 2 [abl.] ; have respect to, 
pertineo, 2, ad. 

he, is (§ 20). 

head, caput, pitis, N. 

health, valetudo, dinis, F. ; be in 
good health, valeo, 2. 

hear, or hear of, audio, exaudio, 4. 

heaven, caelu7n, i, N. 

heavy, gravis, e. 

Hector, of, Hectoreus, a, um 
(§ 47, v.). 

Hellespont, Hellespontus, 1, m. 

help (verb), subvenio, 4, veni, vent- 
[dat] ; (noun), auxilium, i, N. ; 
(cannot help), praeterlre, or 
facere non possum. 

Hephsestion, Hephaestion, onis. 

Hercules, by, hercule, mehe^cule. 

here, hie. 

hereafter, postea. 

hero, vir, viri, M. 

hesitate, dubito, Less, xlviii. 

high ground, colles, ium (m. pi.). 

highest (of qualities), su?nmus, 
a, tim (§ 17, in.). 

highly, magni (§ 54, ix. 1) ; so 
high, tanti; very high, or high- 
est, plurimi. 



hill, collis, is, m. 

hinder, obsto, 1, stiti, slit- (§ 65, 
il). 

hindrance, tmpedimentum, t, N. 

history, historia, ae, F. 

hitherto, adhuc. 

ho, heus ! 

hold, tenpo, 2, tenui, tent-j (dis- 
course), habeo, 2. 

home, domus, us, F. (§§ 12, 2 ; 55, 

m.). 

Homer, Homerus, z. 

honesty, probitas, talis, F. 

honey, mel, ?nellis, N. 

honor (verb), augeo, 2, <zz/.r/, auct-; 
(noun), honor, oris, M. ; decus, 
oris, N. 

hope, or have hope (verb), spero, 
1 ; (noun), spes, spei, F. 

horrible, atrox, atrdcis. 

horse, equus, i, M. 

host, ho spes, hospitis, c. 

hostage, obses, obsidis, c. 

hostility, inimicitia, ae, F. 

hour, hora, ae, F. 

house, domus, us (§ 12, 2) ; aedes, 
ium (§ 14, 11. 1) ; at the house 
of, apud [ace] domi (§ 55, in. 4). 

how, quam, quo7nodoj (rel.), quern- 
ad7nodumj (interr.), quid, qui; 
how much (adj.), quantus, a, um 
(§ 23, 1.) ; adv., with compara- 
tives), quanto (§ 54, v.) ; (price), 
quanti (§ 54, ix. 1 (= at or for 
how much, how high). 

how so ? quidum. 

however, autem (§ 43, 2) ; quam- 
vis (§ 61, 2). 

human, hu?nanus, a, u?n. 

hurry, festino, 1. 

Hydruns, Hydruns, ntis. 



I, ego (§ 19, 1). 

Ides, Idus, uum f. (§ 14, 1. 1). 

if, si; but if, sin; even if, etiamsi. 
ignorant, ignarus, a, um ; be ig- 



k 



VOCABULARY. 



13 



norant, ignoro, i [ace] ; nescio, 

4 [governs clause]. 
ill, male, 

illustration, exemphun, i, N. 
image, imago, ginis, F. 
imitate, imitor, I. 
immediately, statwt. 
immense, ingens, ntis. 
immortal, immortalis, e. 
immortality, immortalitas, talis. 
impart, impertio, 4. 
impatient, festinans, ntis. 
impede, impedio, 4. 
impel, impello, 3, puli, puis-. 
impious, impius, a, U7n. 
important, magnus, a, um. 
in, in [abl.] ; in fine style, bel- 

lissime; in high spirits, ludi- 

bundus, a, um; in proportion 

to, or in behalf of, pro [abl.] ; 

in regard to, de [abl.] ; in the 

very place, ibidem; in midst of, 

in [abl.]. 
inclined to think, nescio an (§ 67, 

1. 1, note) ; inclined to believe, 

crediderim (§ 60, 2). 
inconsistent, alienus [abl.] ; be 

inconsistent, repugno, 1 [dat.]. 
incredible, incredibilis, e. 
incredibly, incredibiliter. 
incur, suscipio, 3, cepi, cept-. 
indeed, quidem. 
indulgence, venia, ae, F. 
industry, industria, ae, F. 
inflict, sumo, 3, mpsi, mpt- [in- 
flict punishment upon, sumere 

poe7iam de\ 
influence, 7noveo, 2, movi, mot-. 
inform, certioremfacio, feci, fact-; 

inform against, detego, 3, xi, ct- 

[acc.]. 
injure, violo, 1. 
injury, injuria, ae, F. 
injustice, act of, injuria, ae, F. 
innocence, innocentia, ae, p.* 
inquire, sciscitor, 1 ; inquire into, 

cognosco, 3, novi, nit- [de]. 
insane, a?nens, ntis. 
insignia, insignia, drunt [n. pi.]. 
institution, institutum, i, N. 



instead of, pro [abl.]. 

instruct, doceo, 2, cui, ct-. 

intent, intentus, a, um [dat.]. 

interest, stadium, i, N. ; interests, 
res, rei, F. ; consult the inter- 
ests of, consulo, 3, lui, It- [dat.]. 

interdict, inter dlco, 3, xi, ct- [dat. 
of person, and ablative of thing]. 

interpret, i7iterpretor, 1. 

intimacy, usus, us, M. 

into, in [ace.]. 

investigate, quaero, sivi, sit- [de]. 

investigation, quaestio, onis, F. 

invite, invito, 1. 

Ionian, Ionius, a, um. 

island, insula, ae, F. 

Italy, Italia, ae, F. 



January, januarius, a, um [adj.]. 

join (trans.), conjungo, 3, nxi, net-; 
(intr.), ace e do, 3, cessi, cess- [ad]. 

joke, jocor, 1. 

journey, iter, itineris, N. 

judge (verb), judico; arbitror, I; 
censeo, 2, nsui, ns-; (noun), ju- 
dex, dicis, F. 

judgment (legal), jus, juris, m. ; 
(of mind), existimatio, onis, F. ; 
(decision), consilium, i, n. ; 
pass judgment on, judico, 1. 

June, Junius, a, um [adj.], 

Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis. 

just (adj.), Justus, a,um; (adv.), 
adeo ; (just now), modo ; just 
like, consimilis, e (§ 17, 1, note). 

justice, justitia, ae, F. 

justly, jure. 



Kalends, Kalendae, aruin [f. 

pi.] (§83). 
keen, acer, aens, acre (§ 16, 11. 1). 
keenly, acriter. 
keep, teneo, retineo, 2, tii, tent- ; to 

keep from rest, inquieto, 1. 



14 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



kill, interficio, 3, feci, feet- j (with- 
out a weapon), neco, 1 ; (vio- 
lently), occido, 3, cidi, xts- j ob- 
trunco, 1. 

kind (noun), genus, eris, n. ; (adj.), 
benignus, a, um. 

kindness, beneficium, i, N. 

king, rex, regis, m. 

kingdom, regnum, i, N. 

kingly, regius, a, um. 

knight, eques, equitis, M. 

know, scio, 4 (§ 33, ill. 2) ; intelli- 
go, 3, lexi, lect-j (be acquainted), 
novi, [perf. of nosco] ; not know, 
nescio, 4 ; let know, facio certio- 
rem. 

known, notus, a, um. 



labor, labor, oris, m. ; opus, eris, n. 

Lacedaemonian, Laced<z?nonius, 
a, um, 

lack, careo, 2 [abl.]. 

lake, lacus, us, m. (§ 12, 3). 

lament, lamentor, 1. 

land, ager, gri, m. ; terra, ae, F. 

last, postremus, a, um (§ 17, III.). 

Laterensis, Laterensis, is, 

Latin (language), Latlna, drum 
[n. pi.] ; (adv.), Latine, 

laugh, rideo, 2, risi, ris-, 

laughter, risus, us, M. 

lay aside, depono, 3, posui, po- 
sit- ; lay siege to, oppugno, 1 
[ace.] ; lay waste, populor, vas- 
to, 1. 

lead, duco, perduco, xi, ct-j (lead 
to do a thing), adfero,ferre, tuli, 
lat- (Less, iv.) ; lead across, 
transduco; (lead away), deduco; 
(lead forth, or out), educo [ex]. 

leader, dux, ducis, c. 

learn, disco, 3, didici; (thoroughly), 
edisco, ^perdisco ; (become ac- 
quainted), cognosco, 3, novi, nit-. 

leave (trans.), relinquo, 3, liqui, 
lict- j (intr.), excedo, 3, cessi, 
cess- [abl.] ; have leave, licet 



(Less, vii.) ; leave off, desisto, 3, 
stiti, stit- [inf.] ; leave undone, 
praetermitto, 3, mist, mzss- 
(Less. xlviii.). 

least, at, quidem, 

left, reliquus, a, um. 

legion, legio, onis, F. 

length, at, tandem. 

lenient, lenis, e. 

less (adj.), minor, us (§ 17, 11.) ; 
(adv.), minus, secus. 

lest, ne. 

let know, facio certiorem, 

letter, epistola, ae, F. ; literae, 
drum. 

lettuce, head of, lactilca, ae, F. 

Leucas, Leucas, cadis. 

level, planus, a, um. 

liar, mendax, dacis, c. 

Liber, Liber, eri. 

liberality, liberalitas, talis, F. 

liberty, liber las, talis, F. 

lie, ntentior, 4. 

lieutenant, legatus, i, m. 

life, vita, ae, F. ; (period of life,) 
aetas, talis, F. 

light, lux, lucis, F. ; (lamp), lucer- 
na, ae, F. ; bring to light, illus- 
tro, 1 ; in weight (adv.), leviter. 

like, similis, e (§ 17, 1. note) ; just 
like, consimilis, e ; in like man- 
ner, similiter j should like, libet 
(Less, vii.) ; velim (§ 60, 2). 

line, or do, dinis, m. 

lion, leo, onis, M. 

lips, os, oris, N. 

listen, or listen to, audio, 4, aus- 
culto, I. 

little (adj.), parvus (§ 17, 11.) ; 
(adv.),pauloj but little, paru?n. 

live, vivo, 3, vixi, vict-. 

long, longus, a, umj (distant), 
longinqmis, a, umj (time), dhi- 
turnus, a, um; long established, 
vetus, eris (§ 17, iv.) ; (adv.) for 
a long time, diu (§ 41, 1.) ; long 
ago, ja?n diu (w. present, § 27, t. 
end) ; no longer, nonjain (§ 41, 
ir. 2). 

look at, contueor, 2, tuit-j ] ook 



VOCABULARY. 



15 



for, requiro, 3, quisivi, quislt-j 
look round (trans.), circum- 
specto, 1 ; (intr.), circumspicio, 
3, spexi, sped- ; look upon, con- 
teinplor, 1. 

lord it, do7ninor, 1. 

lose, careo, 2 [abl.]. 

losing, injuriosus, a, um. 

loud (adv.), dare. 

love (verb), amo, 1 ; diligo, 3, /^rz, 
/*£/-/ (noun), amor, oris, N. 

lower (price), minoris (§ 54, ix.). 

lucky, felix, Ids. 

lurk, /#/<?#, 2, /#*. 

lust, libido, dinis, F. 

luxury, luxuria, ae, F. 

Lyso, Z?/^, onis. 



M. 



mad, amens, ntis ; furiosus, a, 
um ; be mad,/^r#, 3, mi. 

madman, ins anus, i, M. 

madness, amentia, ae, F. 

magistrate, magistrates, us, M. 

maintain (friendship), £0/0, 3, 
colui, cult-. 

majesty, majestas, talis, F. 

make answer, respondeo, 2, #<//, 
#j-y make complaint, expostulo, 
1 [make no complaint, nihil e.] ; 
make equal, adaequo, 1 [dat. or 
cuni\ ; make mistake, committo, 
3, fl^fj/, ;/?/^- (Less iv.) ; make 
new, novo, 1 ; make out, efficio, 

3, feci, feet- (Less, iv.) ; make 
populous, frequento, 1 ; make 
reference, refero,ferre, tuli, lat- 
(§ 37, iv.) ; make trial, experior, 

4, pert- j make up one's mind, 
statuo, 3, tui, tut- j make use 
of, utor, 3, us- (§ 54, in.). 

man, z/zV*, viri, m. ; homo, minis, 

c. ; adjective, § 47, in. 
manage, gero, 3, ^jj/, gest-. 
manifest, manifestus, a, um. 
manly, virllis, e. 
manner, modus, i, M. ; genus, en's, 

N. ; after the manner modo [w. 



gen.] ; in like manner, similiter; 
in what manner, quemadmo- 
dum. 

many, 7nulti, plures (T. 4). 

March, martius, a, um [adj.], 

march, iter, itineris, n. 

mark of, or it marks, gen. case 
(Less. ix. 3). 

marked, singuldris, e. 

Mars Hill, Areopagus, i, M. 

marsh, palus, iidis, F. 

mark, persona, ae, F. 

massacre, caedes, is, F. 

master, dominus, i, m. ; of mas- 
ter, erilis, e (§ 47, v.). 

matron, matrona, ae, F. 

matter, or matters, res, rei, F. 

May, mains, a, u?n [adj.]. 

may, licet (Less. vn. and lv.). 

means, opera, (w. gen. § 54, 1. 
note) ; ratio, onis, F. ; (re- 
sources), copiae, arum, F. 

mediocrity, mediocria, turn [n. 

ad J-]- 

meet, convenio, 4, veni, vent- 
[ace] ; congredior, 3, gress- 
\cum~\ ; go to meet, ob viam eo 
(§ 37, vi.) [dat] ; (expectations, 
&c), respondeo, 2, ndi, ns- [dat.]. 

memory, me?noria, ae, F. 

merciful, clemens, ntis. 

mercy, cleinentia, ae, F. ; miseri- 
cordia, ae, F. 

messenger, nuntius, i, M. 

middle, medius (§ 47, vin.). 

midst, in the, inter [ace.]. 

might, licet, possum (Less. lv.). 

migrate, demigro, 1. 

mildness, suavitas, talis, F. 

mile, mille passuum (§§ 18, 1. 3 ; 
50, 11. 1). 

military, m Hi 'tar is, e. 

mind, ?nens, mentis, f. ; (feelings), 
animus, i, M. ; make up one's 
mind, statuo, 3, tui, tut-. 

mindful, memor, oris [gen.]. 

mischief, malum, i, n. ; (commit- 
ted), maleficium, i, N. 

misfortune, malum, i, N. ; casus, 



16 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 



mistake, make, committo, 3, mist, 
miss- (Less. iv.). 

mistress, magistra, ae, F. 

Mityleneean, Mitylenaeus, a, um. 

model, speciinen, minis, n. 

moderate, ?noderatus, a, um. 

moderation, moderatio, onis, F. 

modest, modestus, a, um. 

money, or sum of money, pecu- 
nia, F. ; argentum, i, M. 

month, mensis, is, M. 

monument, moniunentum, i, N. 

more, plus, pluris (§ 17, 11.) ; plu- 
ra (§ 47, iv.) ; (adv.), plus, am- 
plius (§ 54, iv. note), ?nagis. 

mortal, mortalis, e. 

most (adv.), i?iaxi7ne; most of 
(adj.), plerusque, pleraque, etc. 

mother, mater, tris, f. 

mound, tiunulus, i, M. 

mount, mons, montis, M. 

mourn, lugeo, 2, luxi, luct-. 

move, commoveo, 2, movi, mot-. 

movement, motus, M. ; iter, itine- 
ris, n. 

much, multus, a, um; too much, 
nimius, a, u?n, 

mule, 7nulus, i, m. 

multitude, multitudo, dinis, F. 

music, music a, ae, F. 

must, debeo, 2 ; necesse est j ge- 
rundive (Less. lv.). 

my, meus, a, u?n (§ 19, ill.). 



N. 



name, nomen, nominis, n. 
Narbo, Narbo, onis. 
narrow, artus, a, um. 
natural powers, ingenium, i, N. 
nature, natura, ae, F. ; indoles, is, 

F. ; ingenium, i, N. 
nay, immo, quin. 
near (adv.), prope. 
nearest, proximus, a, um; (to 

person speaking), citimus (§ 

17, in.), 
nearly, fere. 
necessarily, necessario. 



necessary, necessarius, a, um. 

need (verb), or have need, egeo, 2 
[abl.] ; (noun), inopia, ae, F. ; 
( = needful), opus, usus (§ 54, 
vii.) ; needs, desiderium, i, M. 

needful, opus (§ 54, vn.). 

neglect, negligo, 3, glexi, gleet-. 

negligence, negligentia, ae, F. 

negligent, negligens, ntis. 

neighbor, vicinus, i, M. ; (border- 
ing on), finitimus, i, M. 

neighborhood, loca [N.pl.] ; neigh- 
borhood of (§ 55, in. 2, end). 

Nero, Nero, onis. 

neutral, meditis, a, um. 

never, nwnquam. 

nevertheless, tamen. 

news, nuntii, drum, M. 

next, alter, a, um (§ 16, 1. end) ; 
(day), posterus, a, urn; next day, 
postridie. 

night, nox, noctis, F. 

no, or no indeed, immo; (adj.), mel- 
ius, a, um (§ 16, 1. end) ; no 
longer, non ja?7i (§ 41, 11. 2) ; 
no one, nemo (T. 6). 

nobility, nobilitas, talis. 

noble, nobilis, e. 

nobody knows who, nescio quis, 
(§67,1. 1, note). 

nones, Nonae, arum (§ 83). 

not, non j not at all, minime ; not 
even, ne quidem (§ 41, 11. 5) ; not 
yet, nondwn. 

nothing, nihil [indecl.], nihil- 
um, i. 

November, november, bris, bre 

[adj.]. 
now, nunc, jam (§ 41, 11.). 
number, numerus, i, m. ; a great 

number of, permulti, ae, a. 



oath, jusjurandum (§ 14, 11. 2). 
object, recuso, 1 (§ 65, 11.). 
obscure, obscurus, a, um. 
obstinate, contumax, acis. 
obtain, adipiscor, 3, adept-. 



VOCABULARY. 



17 



occupy, teneo, 2, tenui, tent-. 

ocean, oceanus, i, M. 

October, October, bris, bre (adj.). 

odium, odiu?n, i, N. 

of, gen. case ; ex (§ 50, II. end) ; 
(concerning), dej of course, sci- 
licet. 

offended, to be, stomachor, 1 ; 
rather offended, sto7iiachans, 
ntis. 

offensive, molestus, a, um. 

offer, defero, ferre, tiili, lat- (§ 37, 
iv.) ; (to do a thing), profiteor, 
2, /ess- (Less. 1. 1, end). 

offering, muniis, eris, N. 

often, saepe (§ 41, 1.) ; as often as, 
quotiescumqiie. 

old, vetus, eris (§ 17, iv.) ; (years 
old), ?iatus, a, ttmj (old age), 
senectus, tiltis, F. ; (old man), 
senex, senis, M., gen. pi. senum. 

on, in (§ 42, iv.) ; (a side), #£, 627 
(= concerning), dej on this ac- 
count, eo, ob earn causam j on 
the ground that, quod (§ 43, 6). 

once, seinel ; at once, statini,pro- 
tinus,jam. 

one, 7//zz/.y, #, ^//z (§ 16, 1. end) ; 
(a certain one), quidam (T. 6) ; 
(one and another), alter, alius 
(§ 16, 1. end) ; (the one who), is 
(§ 20, 11.) ; (one by one), singuli 
(§ 18, 11.) : (from one another), 
inter se. 

onion, caepe, is, N. 

only (adj.), solus, unus, a, um (§ 16, 
1. end) ; (adv.), soluin, taiitum, 
modo j not only, cu?n (§ 43, 8). 

opinion, sententia, ae, F. ; (con- 
jecture), opinio, onis, F. ; be of 
opinion, censeo, 2, nsui, ns-j 
placet (Less. vn.). 

opportunity, occasio, onis, F. ; 
(power), facultas, talis j potes- 
tas, talis, F. 

oppose, obsto, 2, stiti, slat- [dat.]. 

opposite, adversus, a, um [dat.]. 

opposition, to make, obtrecto, 1. 

or, aut, vel, ve (§ 43, 3) ; or not, 
annon, necne (Less. vi.). 



oracle, responsum, i, n. 

oration, or alio, onis, F. 

orator, orator, oris, M. 

order (verb), jubeo, 2, jussi, juss- 
(§ 68, in.) ; (noun), ordo, dints, 
M. ; in order, ex ordine; in or- 
der that, ut, uti, quo~(§ 64). 

ornament, ornamentum, i, n. 

other, alius, a, ud (§ 16, 1. end), 
reliquus ; the other, alter (§ 16, 
1. end), ceteri, ae, a; (diverse), 
diversus, a, ui?ij of others, alie- 
nus, a, um. (§ 47, v.) 

otherwise, aliter [ac. § 43, 9]. 

Otho, Otho, onis. 

ought, oportet (Less, vn.) ; debeo, 
2 (Less. iv.). 

our, noster, tra, irum. 

out (of doors — place), /oris; 
(motiox)), for as j out of, ex[abl.], 

outside of, extra [ace.]. 

overwhelm, opprimo, 3, pressi, 
press-. 

owe, debeo, 2, debui, debit-. 

owing to, stat per \_quominus~\ 
(Less, xlviii.). 

our, possessive (§ 19, in.) ; gen, 
(§ 46, 3). 

oyster, ostrea, ae, F. 



P. 



Padua, PaJavium, i, N. 

panic-stricken, be, ftaveo, 2, 
pavi. 

pardon, ig?iosco, 3, novi, not- 
[dat.]. 

parent, parens, ntis. 

TpRict,pars, rtis, f. ; (of a city), locus, 
i, M. ; adjectives of order and 
rank (§ 47, vm.) ; for my part, 
vero; take part, inter su77i [dat.] . 

partial, iniquus, a, um. 

pass (a decree), facio, 3, feci, fact- ; 
pass by, praetereo, 4, ii, it- (§§ 37, 
VI. ; 33, in. 1) ; pass judgment, 
judico, 1 ; pass over, omitto j 
praetertnitto, 3, 7nlsi, miss- ; 
pass through, perfinigor, 3, 
fund- (§ 54, in.). 



18 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 



passion, cupiditas, talis, F. 

patience, patientia, ae, F. 

patrimony, patri77t07iium, i, N. 

pay (verb), constituo, 3, tui, tut- ; 
pendo, 3, pependi, pens- j (noun), 
merces, cedis, F. 

peace, pax, pacts, F. ; otium, i, N. 

peaceful, quietus, a, um. 

pear, pirus, i, F. ; (fruit), pirum, 
i, N. 

peculiar, singularis, ej proprius, 
a, um (§ 50, III. 4). 

peck, ?nodius, i, M. 

pen, stilus, i, m. 

penny, as, assis, M. 

perfect, perfectus; exactus, a, um. 

perfidy, perfidia, ae, F. 

perform, gero, $,gessi, gest-y (sac- 
rifices), facio, 3, feci, fact- j (du- 
ties), fungor, perfungor, 3, nct- 
(§ 54, in.). 

perhaps, fortasse. 

peril, periculum, i, N. 

period, tempora, u??i [n. pi.] ; pe- 
riod of life, aetas, talis, F. 

perish, pereo, 4, ii, it- (§§ 37, vi. ; 
33, in. 1). 

permit, permitto, 3, misi, miss-. 

permitted, it is, licet (Less. Vli.). 

Persian, Persa, ae, M. 

person, adj. (§ 47, in.). 

persuade, persuadeo, 2, sudsi, 
suds-. 

Philip, Philippus, i. 

Philolaches, Philolaches, is. 

philosopher, philosophus, i, M. 

Phoenician, Poenus, a, um. 

physician, medicus, i, M. 

physics, physic a, drum (n. pi.]. 

Picene, Picenus, a, um, 

pieces, cut to p., caedo, cecidi, caes.- 

piety, pie t as, talis, F. 

pirate, pirata, ae, M. ; pirate cap- 
tain, archipirata, ae. 

pity (verb), 77iiseret (§ 50, III. 
3) ; (noun), misericordia, ae, F. 

place (verb), pono, 3, posui, 
posit- j (definite), loco, 1 ; pi. 
above, antepono [dat] ; pi. be- 
fore propono [dat.] ; pi. to- 



gether, colloco, 1 ; pi. upon, 
impono [dat.] ; (noun), locus, 
t\ M. (§ 14, 11. 1) ; in next pi., 
delude; to the pi., eo j take pi., 
fio (§ 37, vil). 

plan, consilimn, i, n. ; (system), 
ratio, onis, F. 

plane-tree, platanus, z, F. 

Plato, Plato, onis. 

pleasant, jucundus, amoenus, a, 
tc?n. 

please, delecto, 1 [ace], libet, 
(Less, vil.) ; (give satisfaction), 
placeo, 2 [dat.]. 

pleasure, voluptas, talis, F. ; take 
pi. libet (Less, vn.) ; with pi., 
libetiter. 

plots, itisidiae, aru77i, F. 

plough, aro, 1 ; plough around, 
circtunaro, I. 

poet, poeta, ae, c. 

point, pars, rtis, F. ; (neut. adj.). 

poison, ve7tenu77i, i, N. 

Pollux, by, pol, edepol. 

Pompey, Po7npeius, i. 

pontifex, pontifex, ficis, m. 

popular, gratus, a, U7n. 

populous, make, frequento I. 

P°PPy> papaver, eris, N. 

poor, pauper, eris. 

portend, sig7iifico, 1. 

position, loca, oru7n [n. pi.]. 

possess, possideo, 2, sedi, sess-j 
(power), potior, 4 (§ 50, iv. 6). 

possessions, res, reru77i [f. pi.] ; 
neut. adj. 

post, statio, 07iis, F. 

posterity, posteritas, talis, F. 

poverty, paupertas, F. ; egestas, 
talis, F. ; inopia, ae, F. 

power, potest as, talis, f. ; (abil- 
ity)* potentia, ae, F. ; (military), 
i77tperiu77i, i, N. ; possess p., 
potior reru7n (§ 50, iv. 6). 

practice, exercitatio, onis, F. 

praetor, praetor, oris, M. 

praise, (verb), laudo, 1 ; (noun), 
laus, dis, F. 

pray, precor^ 1 [ab aliquo] ; (in- 
terj.) tande77t. 



VOCABULARY. 



Id 



prefer, malo (§ 37, in.) \_qua?n~\ ; 

antepdno, 3, -posui, sit- [dat.] . 
preferable, potior, us \quam~\. 
prematurely, praemature. 
prepared, or well pr., paratus, a, 

um. 
presage, praesdgio, 4. 
prescribe, praescribo, 3, psi, pt-. 
present (verb), dono, 1 (§ 51, 11. 

end) ; pr. one's self, se praebeo, 

2; (adj.), praesens, -ntis j be 

pr., adsu7nj at pr., in fii'ae- 

sentia. 
preserve, conservo, 1. 
pretend, simulo, 1 (Less. 1. 1, 

end) ; facio, 3, feci, fact-. 
prevent, ii?ipedio, 4 (§ 65, 11.). 
price, pretium, i, n. 
prison, career, eris, M. 
private, privatus, do?nesticus, a, 

U77i. 
proceed, procedo, 3, cessi, cess-j 

proficiscor, ^fect-. 
process, actio, on is, F. 
proclaim, edico, 3, xi, ct-. 
prodigy, prodighun, i, N. 
profit (verb), prosum (§ 29, IV.) 

[dat.] ; (noun), stipis [gen. F. 

§14,1.2]. 
profitable, quaestuosus, a, um. 
promise, promit to, 3, misi, miss-; 

polliceor, 2 (Less. 1. 1, end). 
pronounce (law), dico, 3, xi, ct-. 
proof, argumentum, i, N. 
proper, be, decet (Less. vn.). 
properly, recte. 
property, bona, drum [n. pi.]. 
proportion, in — to, pro [abl] ; 

in prop, as, quisque, with superl. 

(Less, xxxiii.). 
proposal (of laws), latio, dnis, F. 
prosperous, prosperus, a, um. 
protect, tueor, 2, tuit-, or tut- 

(§ 35, 1. 7). 
protection, praesidium, 1, n. 
proud, superbus, a, um. 
provide, provideo, 2, visi, vis- (§ 

51, iv.). 
provided, dum, modo, dummodo 

(§ 61, 3)- 



providence, providentia, ae, F. 
province, provincia, ae, F. 
prudent, prudens, ntis. 
prudently, prudenter. 
public, publicus, a, um; the p., 

vulgus, i, N. (§10, 9). 
publican, publicanus, i, M. 
punish, punio, 4; ulciscor, 3, ult-j 

ani?nadverto, 3, rti, rs-, in 

[ace.]. 
punishment, poena, ae, F. 
purchase, e7nptio, dnis, F. 
pursue, persequor, znsequor, 3, 

secut-. 
pursuit, studium, i, n. ; neut. adj. 
push, incito, urgeo, 2, urs-j p. 

back, repello, 3, puli, puis-. 
put to death, i?iterficio, 3, feci, 
feet- j put out (light), exstinguo, 

3, nxi, net-. 



quaestor, quaestor, oris, M. 
quaestorship, quaestura, ae, F. 
quality (good), bonum, i, N. 
quarries, lautumiae, drum, F. 
quickly, cito, celeriter. 
quiet, be, taceo, 2. 
quite, satis. 



rabble, plebs, plebis, F. ; se7itlna, 
ae, F. 

race, ge7ts, ntis, F. 

raiment, vest is, is, F. 

rain, phi ere, 3. 

raised, be (shout), exsisto, 3, stiti, 
stit-. 

rank, ordo, di7iis, m. ; (high r.), 
fastigiimi, i, N. ; of r., 7iobilis, e. 

rash, te77ierarius, a, 11171. 

rashly, te77iere. 

rashness, te77iei'itas, tdtis, F. 

rate, at any, ce7'te; at high r., 
77iagni (§ 54, ix.). 

rather, potius ; (with adj.), com- 
parative (§ 17, v. 1.) ; would r., 
malo (§ 37, ill.). 



20 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 






reach, pervmio, 4, veni, vent- 

[ad]. 
read, lego, 3, legi, led-. 
reader, lector, oris, M. 
readily, facile. 

ready, paratus, a, um; facilis, e. 
reap, meto, 3, messtii, mess-. 
reason, ratio, o/iis, F. ; (cause), 

causa, ae, F. ; no r., nihil est 

quod (Less, xlix.) ; without 

special r., te?7iere. 
rebellion, tumultus, us, M. 
recapture, recupero, 1. 
receive, accipio, recipio, 3, cepi, 

cept-. 
recline, jaceo, 2,jacui. 
recognize, cognosco, 3, novi, nit-. 
recount, commemoro, 1. 
recover, recipio, 3, cepi, cept-. 
reduce, redigo, 3, egi, act-. 
reference, make, refero,ferre, tuli, 

tat- (§ 37, iv.). 
refinement, hiwianitas, talis, F. 
refuge, perfugium, i, n. ; take r., 

coufugio, 2>,fugi\in w. ace.]. 
refuse, recuso, 1, abnuo. 3, nui, 

nuit-, or nut-j remitlo, 7iiisi, 

miss-. 
regard, in — to, de. 
regret, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3). 
reign (verb), regno, 1 ; in the 

reign of, Abl. Abs. 
reject, rejicio, *$,jeci,ject-. 
rejoice, laetor, i,gaudeo, 2,gavTs- 

(§35,11.). 
relate, narro, memoro, 1. 
relieve, levo, 1. 
religion, religio, onis, F. 
relying, fretus (§ 54, iv.). 
remain (wait), vianeo, 2, nsi, ns-j 

(be left), resto, 1, stit-j it re., 

restat, reliquum est (§ 70, 11.). 
remember, memini (§ 38, 1.). 
remind, admoueo, 2, cot?i77tonefa- 

cio, 3, feci, fact- (§§ 33, in. 2 ; 

37, viii.). 
remiss, dissolutus, a, um. 
renowned, clarus, inclitus, a, U7n. 
repair (roads), 77iu7iio, 4. 
repel, repello, 3, puli, ptds-. 



repent, poe7titet (§ 50, iv. 3). 

report, renuntio, 1. 

republic, respublica, reipublicae, 

F. (§ 14, II. 2). 
reputation, la us, laudis, f. 
request, peto, 3, tlvi, tit- [ab~\. 
require, or requiring, gen. with 

adj. (§ 50. 1. 2 ; 54, II. end), 
reside, i7isu77i [in]. 
residence, do77iiciliu77i, i, n. 
resist, resisto, obsisto, 3, stiti 

[dat.]. 
resolution, i7ttegritas, talis, F. 
respect, have (concern), pertmeo, 

2, nui-, [ad] ; (consider), pareo 

2, rui [dat.] . 
respected, spectatus, a, um. 
rest, reliquus, a, um (§ 47, viii.) ; 

keep from rest, i7iquieto, 1. 
restore, reddo, 3, didi, dit-. 
restrain, arceo, 2, cui, ct- [ab\ 
retreat, pede77i refero, ferre, tuli, 

lat- (§ 37, iv.). 
return (trans.), reddo, 3, didi, dit-j 

(intr.), redeo, 4, it, it- (§§37, vn. ; 

33, in. 1) ; rev er tor, 3, rs-. 
reward, 77ierces, edis, F. ; pretium, 

i, N. 
Rhodes, Rhodus, i, F. 
rhythmically, nu7nerose. 
rich, dives, itis; ditior, ditissi7nus. 
right, or rights, jus, juris, N. ; 

have a r., licet (Less, vn.) . 
rightfully, jure. 
rightly, recte. 
river, flumen. inis, N. ; a7n7tis, is, 

M. ; r. bank, ripa, ae, F. 
road, via, ae, F. 
robber, latro, onis, M. 
rod, virga, ae, F. 
Roman, Ro77ianus, a, um. 
Rome, Ro77ia, ae, F. 
rout, fimdo, 3, fudi, fusr. 
route, iter, itifieris, N. 
royal, regius, a, U7n. 
royalty, reg7iU77i, i, N. 
rude, agrestis, e. 
rudely, dure. 
ruin (verb), affligo,xi, ct-; (noun), 

pemicies, ei, F. 



VOCABULARY. 



21 



rule (verb), rego, 3, xi, ct- [ace] ; 
impero, 1 [dat.]; (noun), im- 
perium, i, N. ; (of conduct), 
praeceptum, i, N. 

rumor, rumor, oris, M. 

run, curro, 3, cucurri, curs-. 

rustic, rusticus, a, urn. 



S. 



sacred grove, lucus, i, M. ; held s., 

sanctus, a, um. 
sacrifices, sacra, drum [n. pi.]. 
sadden, contristo, 1. 
safety, salus, litis, F. ; in s., tuto. 
sail, navigo, 1. 
sake, for the, causa (§§ 54^ 1. note ; 

73, 11. note). 
Salamis, of, Salaminius, a, um. 
salute, saliito, 1. 
same, idem (§ 20, 11. end) ; at s. 

time, simul. 
Samnites, Samnites, ium. 
satisfy, satisfacio, 3, feci, fact- 

(§§ 33, in. 2 ; 37, vill.). 
savage, immanis, e. 
say, dico, 3, xi, ct-; loquor, 3, 

locut-j aio, inquam (§ 38) ; s. 

not, nego, 1 (Less. in. 2). 
scarcely, vix. 
scare, exterreo, 2. 
scheme, inceptum, i, N. 
school, schola, ae, F. 
schoolmaster, ludi magister, tri, 

M. 

Scipio, Scipio, onis. 
scoundrel, mastigia, ae, M. 
scout, explorator, oris, M. 
sea, mare, is, N. ; from beyond s., 

transmartnus, a, um. 
sea-urchin, echinus, i, m. 
secretary, s crib a, ae, M. 
secretly, clam. 
sedulously, diligenter. 
see, video, 2, vidi, vis-j (clearly), 

cerno, 3, crevi, cret-. 
seek, peto, repeto, adpeto, 3, tlvi, 

tit-. 



seem, or seem good, passive of 

video, 2, vidi, vis-. 
seize, comprehendo, 3, ndi, ns-j 

s. upon, occupo, 1. 
self (intensive), ipse; (reflective), 

personal pron. (Less, xxix.) ; 

s. restraint, continentia, ae, f. ; 

s. seeking, cupiditas, tatis, F. 
sell, vendo, 3, didi, dit-; be sold, 

veneo, 4, ii, it- (§ 35, it. 2). 
senate, senatus, us, m. ; (= sena- 
tors), patres, urn, M. ; s. house, 

curia, ae, F. 
senator, senator, oris, M. 
senatorial, senatorius, a, um. 
send, mitto, 3, misi, miss-; s. 

forward, praemitto. 
Senones, Senones, um. 
sense, sensus, us, m. ; s. of grief, 

dolor, oris, m. ; come to one's 

senses, se colligo, 3, lexi, led-. 
separate (trans.), secerno, 3, crevi, 

cret-; (intr.), disci do, 3, cessi, 

cess-. 
separation, digressus, us, M. 
September, sept l ember ; bris, bre 

[adj.]. 
serious, gravis, e. 
seriously, vehementer. 
serve, servio, 4 [dat.] ; (military), 

stipendia mereo, 2. 
service, military, res militaris ; 

services, beneficiiun, i, N, ; offi- 

cia, drum, N. 
sesterce, sestertius, i, M. 
sestertium, sestertium, i, x. 
set out, proficiscor, %f ec t-J s. on 

fire, incendo, 3, ndi, ns- ; s. sail, 

solvo, 3, Ivi, lilt-. 
several, aliquot (indeclinable adj.). 
severe, gravis, e. 
shade, umbra, ae; shades, manes, 

ium [m. pi.]. 
shake, conditio, 3, cussi, cuss-. 
shame, pudor, oris, M. 
shameful, turpis, e. 
share, commuuico, 1 \_cum']. 
sheep, ovis, is, F. 
shield, scutum, i, N. 
shine upon, illucesco, 3, luxi [dat.]. 



22 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



ship, navis, is, f. 

short, very, perbrevis, e; in s., 

denique. 
shortness, brevitas, talis, F. 
shout, clamor, oris, m. 
shouting, clamitatio, onis, F. 
show (verb), ostendo, 3, ndi, nt- 

and ns-j genitive case (Less. 

ix. 3), s. off, exhibeo, 2 ; (noun), 

species, ei, F. 
showily, apparate. 
shrewd, callidus, a, um. 
shrine, fanu?n, i, N. 
shrink from, recilso, 1. 
Sicilian, Siculus, a, um. 
Sicily, Sicilia, ae. 
Sicyonian, Sicyonius, a, wn. 
side, pars, partis. 
Sidon, Sidon, o?tis [ace. a], 
Sidonian, Sidonius, a, um. 
siege, obsidio, onis, F. ; (attack), 

oppugnatio, onis, F. ; lay s. to, 

oppugno, 1. 
sight, conspectus, us, M. ; catch 

s. of, conspicor, 1. 
silent, be, taceo, 2. 
silver, argentum, i, N. 
simply, simpliciter. 
since (conj.), cunt, quoniam (§ 63) ; 

abl. abs ; (adv.), posted. 
sister, soror, oris, f. 
sit, sedeo, 2, sedi, sess-; resideo, 

2, sedi; assido, 3, sed-. 
size, niagnitudo, dinis, F. 
skilled, peritus, a, um [gen.]. 
sky, caeluin, i, N. (pi. caeli, M.). 
slaughter (verb), trucido, 1 ; 

(noun), caedes, is, F. 
slave, servus, ij (female), serva, 

ae; of s., servilis, e (§ 47, v.) ; 

be s., servio, 4. [dat.]. 
slay, interficio, 3, feci, feet-. 
sleep (verb), dormio, 4; (noun), 

somnus, i, M. ; go to s., con- 

dor7tiio, 4. 
slender, exiguus, a, um. 
slipper, calceus, i, m. 
small, parvus (§ 17, 11.), exiguus, 

a, um. 
snail, cochlea, ae, F. 



snatch away, eripio, 3, rz)W, 

. rept- [dat.] ; s. up, rapio, 3, ^«/, 
^-. 

so, tarn, ita, adeo; (=in this 
manner), ita; so far as, quod, 
etc. (Less, xlix.) ; so great, 
tantus, a, um (§ 22, 1.) ; so 
highly, tanti (§ 54, ix. 1) ; so 
many, tot. 

sober, sobrius, a, um. 

solace, solatiu?n, i, n. 

soldier, miles, it is, M. 

solitude, solitudo, dinis, F. 

some, aliquis, qutdam, T. 6, 
(Less, xxxii.) ; alius (§ 47, ix.) ; 
s. or other, nescio quis (§ 67, 
1. 1, note). 

somewhat, aliquid, quicquam 
(§ 52, iv.) ; (with comparatives), 
aliquanto (§ 54, v. note) ; (in 
like manner), si?niliter \_atque~] 

(§43,9). 

son, flius, 1, M. (§ 10, 5) ; natus, 

i, M. 
song, carmen, minis, N. 
soon, brevi, mox; as s. as, simul 

atque (§ 43, 9). 
sorry, be, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3). 
sort, of what, qualis, e (§ 22, 1 .) ; 

of this s., ejusmodi. 
soul, animus, i, M. 
sound, sono, 1, nui, nit-. 
source, dative case (Less. xx.). 
South wind, auster, tri, m. 
sow, semente77i \sementis, is~\ 

facio, 3, feci, fact-. 
Spain, Hispania, ae. 
spare, parco, 3, peperci, parcit- 

and pars- [dat.]. 
speak, loquor, 3, locut- ; dico, 3, 

dixi, diet-. 
spear, hasta, ae, F. 
speech,. sei'mo, onis, M. ; (oration), 

oratio, onis, F. 
speedily, cito. 
spend (time), molior, 4. 
spirit, animus, i, M. ; s. of confi- 
dence, ftducia, ae, F. ; in high 

s., ludibundus, a, um. 
spirited, fortis, e. 



VOCABULARY. 



23 



splendid, omattts, a, um. 
splendor, magziificeiitia, ae, F. 
sport, lie do, 3, lust, his-, 
spread (adj.), disseminatus, a, 

um. 
sprung, oriuzidns, a, um [ab~\. 
spurn, sperno, 3, sprevi, spret-. 
stade (a furlong), stadium, i, N. 
staff, virga, ae, F. 
stag, cervus, i, M. 
stand, sto, 1, steti, stdt-j (matter), 

se habere, 2 ; st. aside, absum 

(§ 29, 11.) [ab\ 
standard, signum, i, N. 
state, civitas, tatis, F. ; by the s., 

publicej s. of things, neut. 

adj. 
statue, signuzn, i, N. 
stay, maneo, re?n&7ieo, 2, nsi, ns-. 
sternness, sever it as, tat is, F. 
stew-pan, patina, ae, F. 
stiff, rigidus, a, um. 
stimulate, commoveo, 2, movi, 

mot-. 
stir up, concito, 1. 
stock, stirps, stirpis, F. 
stone, lapis, lapidis, M. 
stool, scamnus, i, M. 
storm, tempestas, tatis, F. 
straightway, proti?zus. 
strait, /return, i, N. 
straits, angustiae, arum, F. pi. 
strange, mirus, a, um. 
strength, vires, F. pi. (§ 11, 1. 5) ; 

(defence), praesidium, i, N. 
strike (terror), infero, ferre, tuli, 

lat- (§ 37, iv.) [dat.] ; (thunder- 
bolt), excutio, 3, cussi, cuss- ; 

s. off, decutio. 
strip, spolio, 1 [abl.]. 
strive, enltor, 3, nis- and ?zz!r-. 
strong, valens, ntis. 
strongly, vehevienter, valde. 
study, studeo, 2, dui. 
style, stilus, i, m. ; in fine s.,' bel- 

lissime. 
subdivision, partitio, onis, F. 
subdue, subigo, 3, egi, act-j paco, I - 
subject, res, rei, F. 
subtlety, sollertia, ae, F. 



suburbs, in the, suburbanus, a, 

tc?n. 
succeed, succedo, 3, cessi, cess-. 
successfully, prospere. 
successive, coutinuus, a, um. 
such, talis, ej (= so great), tan- 

tus, a, um (§ 22, 1.). 
suddenly, subito. 
suffer, pa tior, 3, pass- ; (intr.), la- 

boro, 1 ; (punishment), do, 1, 

dedi, dat-. 
suffice, sufficio, 3, feci, feet-. 
sufficient, satis. 
suit (of clothes), habitus, us, M. 
suitable, idoneus, a, um (§ 65, 

iv. 1). 
suited, aptus, a, um (§ 65, iv. 1). 
sum of money, pecunia, ae, f. 
summer (adj.), aestivus, a, um. 
summon, arcesso, 3, sivi, sit-. 
sun, sol, solis, M. 
superfluous, sttpervacuus, a, um. 
supper, cena, ae, F. 
suppliant, supplex, plicis, c. 
support, sustineo, 2, nui, nt-. 
suppose, arbitror, 1. 
suppress, compri?no, 3, pressi, 

press-. 
sure, cei'tus, a, um; I am s., 

credo j be s., fac (Less, xlv.) ; 

be s. not, cave (§ 58, in. note). 
surely, profecto. 
surety, sponsor, oris, M. 
surname, cognomen, minis, N. 
surpass, supero, 1. 
surrender, me dedo, 3, didi, dit-. 
suspect, suspicor, 1. 
suspected, suspectus, a, um. 
suspicion, suspicio, onis, F. 
suspicious, suspiciosus, a, um. 
sustenance, victus, us, m. 
swear, juro, 1. 
sweet, dulcis, e. 

swift, velox, ocis; rapidus, a, um. 
swiftly, cito. 

swiftness, celeritas, tatis, F. 
sword, gladius, i, M. ; ferrum, z", 

N. 

Syracuse, Syracusae, arum, F. 



24 



LATIN COMPOSITION. 



T. 



take, capio, 3, cepi, capt~; sumo % 
3, mpsi, mpt-; t. away or from, 
aufero, 3, abstuli, abldt-j adimo, 
3, emi, empt- [dat] ; t. care of, 
euro, 1 ; t. counsel against, co7i- 
sulo, 3, luiy It- [in with ace] ; 
t. journey, iter facio, 3, feci, 
fact- ; t. part, inter sum [dat.] ; 
t. place, fio(§ 37, viii.); t. pleas- 
ure, libet (Less, vn.) ; t. refuge, 
confiigio, 3, fugi [in w. ace] ; 
take upon, sumo [dat.] ; t. upon 
one's self, suscipio, 3, cepi, 
e'ept-. 

talk (verb), loquor, 3, locut-; 
(noun), vox, vocis, F. 

tall, eminens, ntis. 

Tarquin, Tarquinius, i. 

tarry, consisto, 3, stiti, stit-j 
moror, 1. 

teach, doceo, 2, docui, doct~. 

tear away, deripio, 3, ripui, rept- 
[del 

tell, dico, 3, ^7, <;/- (§ 33, III. 2) ; 
t. me, cedo. 

temper, anintus, i, M. 

tempest, tempestas, talis, F. 

temple, templiwi, i, M. 

tempt, sollicito, 1. 

terrified, perterritus, a, urn, 

terrify, terreo, 2. 

territory, ager, agri, M. 

terror, terror, oris, m. 

test, experior, 4, pert-. 

testify, testificor, 1. 

than, quam, ac. 

thanks, give or return, gratias 
a g°> 3, egi, act-. 

that (dem. pron.), is, ille, iste 
(§ 20, 11.) ; (rel. pron.), qui; 
(conj.), ut, quo, quin (§§ 64, 65). 

theatre, theatrum, i, N. 

Theban, Thebanus, a, um. 

Themistocles, Themistocles, is, 

Theophanes, Theophanes, is. 

then, turn; (next), deinde. 

thence, inde. 



there, ibi; an expletive, with the 
verb sum. 

therefore, itaque, ergo, igitur 
(§ «, s). 

thick, crassus, a, um. 

thing, res, rei, f. ; neut. adj. 
(§ 47, in.). 

think, puto ; (suppose), opinor, 
1 ; (by reasoning), existimo, ar- 
bitror, 1 ; (a judgment), censeo, 
2, nsui, ns-j (opinion), sentio, 4, 
nsi, ns-j (exercise the mind), 
cogito, 1 ; th. best, placet (Less. 

VII.). 

this, hie; (a thing to be men- 
tioned), ille; this is, ecce. 

thither, eo, illuc. 

thoroughly, accurate. 

threaten, minor, 1 [ace. of thing, 
and dat. of person] (Less. 1. 
1, end). 

three days, triduum, i, N. 

throne, solium, i, N. 

throng, concurro, 3, curri, curs-; 
concursum facio, 3, feci, fact-. 

through, per; abl. case (§ 54, 1.). 

thunderbolt, fuhnen, minis, N. 

thus, it a. 

thwart, obsto, 1, stiti, s tat- [dat.]. 

Tiber, Tiberis, is; ace. im, M. 

tidings, neut. pi. of adj. 

time, tempus, oris, n ; tempestas, 
talis, F. ; in good t, opportune ; 
at that t., turn; at the same t, 
si7nul; idem, agreeing with 
name of person. 

timid, timidus, a, um. 

tired, be, taedet (§ 50, iv. 3). 

Tiro, Tiro, onis. 

to, ad, in (§ 42, iv.) ; to be sure, 
scilicet. 

to-day, hodie. 

together, corai7i. 

tomb, sepulchrum, i, N. 

tongue, lingua, ae, F. 

too (also), et, quoque; (too much), 
niniius, a, um ; compar. of adj. 
(§ 17, v. l)> 

top, on, summits, a, um (§ 47, viii.). 

topic, locus, i, M. ; pi., loci. 



VOCABULARY. 



25 



tossing, agitatio, onis, F. 

touch upon, at lingo, 3, tigi, tact- 

[acc.]. 
towards, erga [ace] 
town, oppidum, i, N. 
townsman, oppidanus, i, M. 
tragic, tragicus, a, um. 
train, exerceo, 2. 
Tranio, Tranio, onis. 
transfer, transferor ferre, tuli, 

lat- (§ 37, iv.). 
treachery, proditio, onis, F. ; per- 

fidia, ae, f. 
treason, proditio, onis, F. 
treaty, foedus, eris, N. 
tremble, treino, 3, mui, mil-. 
trial, judicium, i, N. ; make a tr., 

experior, 4, pert-. 
tribe, t rib us, us, F. 
tribune, tribunus, i, M. ; of the tr., 

tribunicius, a, um. 
trickery, dolus, i, M. 
trifling, modlcus, a, um. 
tripe, vulva, ae, F. [a similar dish]. 
troops, copiae, arum. 
trouble, moveo, 2, ?novi, mot-. 
true, verus, a, um. 
truly, vere. 
trust, credo, 3, didi, dit- (§ 51, 

iv.) ; confido, fis- (§ 35, 11.) 

[dat. or abl.] . 
trusted, probatus, a, um [dat.]. 
truth, Veritas, talis, F. ; in tr., 

vero; with tr., vere. 
tuft of wool, floccus, i, M. 
turn out (intr.), evado, 3, vast, 

vas-. 
Tusculanum, Tusculanum, i, N. 
type, norma, ae, F. 



uncertain, incerius, a, um. 
undergo, subeo, 4, ii, it- (§§ 37, 
vii. ; 33, in. 1) [ace.]. 

I understand, intelligo, 3, lexi, 
led- ; be understood (of words), 
desmn (§ 29). 
unfriend, inimicus, i, M. 



unfriendly, inimicus, a, um. 

unharmed, incolumis, e; u. con- 
dition, incolumitas, talis, F. 

union, societas, talis, F. 

unjust, injustus, a, um. 

unless, nisi. 

until (conj.), dum (§ 62, 11.) ; 
(prep.), usque ad. 

unwilling, invitus, a, wn. 

unworthily, indigne. 

unworthy, indignus, a, um. 

up and down, profecto. 

uproar, strepitus, us, M. 

urge, sollicito, 1. 

use (verb) , and make u. of, utor, 
3, us- (§ 54, in.) ; (noun),/^- 
cultas, talis, F. 

used to, imperfect tense. 

usury, usura, ae, F. 



valor, virtus, tutis, F. 

value, aesti?no, 1 ; facio, 3, feci, 

fact- (§ 54, ix. 1). 
vain, in, f rust ra. 
various, varius, a, um. 
Varro, Varro, onis. 
verdict, sententia, ae, F. 
very (adv.), superlative degree 

(§ 17, v. 4) ; (adj.), ipse (§ 20, 

11. note) ; v. few, perpauci; v. 

highly, plurimi; v. much, 

valde; v. short, perbrevis, e; 

v. unwilling, perinvitus, a, um. 
veteran, veteranus, i, M. 
vexed, be, moleste fero, ferre, 

tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.). 
vice, vitium, i, n. 
victorious, victor, oris, M (§ 47, 

in. note). 
victory, victoria, ae, F. 
vigor, viriditas, talis, F. 
villa, villa, ae, F. 
villanous, and villain, scelestus, 

a, um. 
viol, fidicu la, ae, F. 
violent, vehemens, ntis. 
virtue, virtus, tiltis, F. 



26 



LATIN COMPOSITION, 



visit, viso, 3, visi, vis-. 
voice, vox, vocis, f. 
Volscian, Volscus, i; Vulscus. 
voluntary, voluntarius, a, um. 



W. 

wait, and wait for, exspecto, i. 

■walk, ambulo, I. 

wall, murus, i, M. ; (of a house), 
paries, ietis, M. 

want, indigeo, 2, gut [gen. and 
abl.]; volo (§ 37, 1.) ; w. of 
confidence, diffidentia, ae, F. 

wanting, be, desum (§ 29) [dat.]. 

war, bellum, i, N. ; (service), 
militia, ae, F. 

wash, abluo, 3, /«/, /z7/-. 

•watchful, diligens, ntis. 

watching, vigilia, ae, F. 

water, aqua, ae, F. 

wave, fluctus, us, M. 

way, -z//tf , «^, F. ; give w., cedo, 3, 
^jj/, cess- j be on w. from, 
decedo. 

wealth, divitiae, arum, F., pi. 

wealthy, opulentus, a, um. 

weary , fessus, a, um. 

weather, teinpestas, tatis, F. 

weight, pojtdus, eris, N. 

welfare (common), res, rei {pub- 
lic a) . 

well (adv.), bene 4 , probe; (interj.), 
en, euge; w. now, eho j be w., 
valeo, 2 ; be w. for, expedio, 4 
[dat] ; w. fitted, aptus, a, um. 

wet, be, 7nadeo, 2, madui. 

what (rel.), qui; (inter.), quis, 
quisnam. 

wheat, triticum, i, N. 

when, cum, quando, ut (§§ 43, 7 ; 
64, iv. note) ; abl. abs. ; noun 
in apposition (Less. xm. 3). 

where, ubi. 

wherefore, quam ob rem. 

wherever, ubicunque. 

whether, num (§ 71). 

which (rel.), qui; (inter.), quis; 
to w., quo. 



while, dum (§ 57, in.), 
whisper, susurro, 1. 
whithersoever, qttocu?nque. 
who (rel), qui; (inter.), quis. 
whole, totus, a, um (§ 16, 1. end), 
wholly, totus (§ 47, vi.). 
why, cur, quin, qtiapropter ; w. 

not ? quidni ? 
wicked, improbus, a, um. 
widely, late. 
wife, uxor, oris, F. 
will, or willing, be (verb), volo 

(§ 37, 1.) ; (noun), voluntas, 

tatis, F. 
willingly, libettter. 
wily, subdolus, a, um. 
win,-adipiscor, 3, dept-; expeto, 3, 



ttvt, ttt-. 



wisdom, sapientia, ae, F. 
wise, sapiens, prudens, ntis. 
wit, argutiae, aru7?i, F., pi. 
with, cti7n [abl.] ; (in presence of), 

apud [ace] ; be w., adsum 

(§29) [dat]. 
withdraw (trans.), deduco, 3, xi, 

ct- (§33, in. 2) ; exhaurio, 4, 

hausi, haust- ; (intr.), cedo, 3, 

cessi, cess- [abl.]. 
withhold, abstineo, 2, tinui, tent-. 
withstand, sustineo, 2, tinui % 

tent-. 
without, sine [abl.] ; (destitute of), 

carens, ntis [abl.]. 
witness, testis, is y c. ; (in court), 

juratus, i, M. 
wolf, lupus, i, M. 
woman, mulier, eris, F. 
wonder at, miror, 1. 
wonderful, mirabilis, e. 
wont, to be, soleo, 2, so lit- (§ 35, 11.). 
wooden, ligneus, a, um. 
woods, silva, ce, F. 
wool, tuft ot,floccus, i, M. 
word, vefbum, i, N. ; w. by w., 

ad verbu7?i; bring w., nuntio, 

renuntio, 1. 
work, opus, eris, N. 
world, mundus, i, M. ; orbis ter- 



VOCABULARY. 



27 



•worn out, be, marceo, 2. 
'worry, vexo, 1. 

worth, be, sto, 1, steti, stdt- (§ 54, 
ix. 1.) ; w. while, operaepretium, 

i, N. 

worthy, digitus, a, tun (§§ 54, 

iv. ; 65, iv. 1) ; gen. case (Less. 

ix. 3). 
would, utinam (§ 68, 1.) ; (auxil.), 

(Less, lv.) ; w. rather, malo 

(§ 37, in.), 
wretch, miser, i 7 M.; that w., iste, 

a, ud. 
wretched, miser, a, um. 
wretchedly, misere. 
wretchedness, miseria, ae, F. 
write, scribo, 3, psi, pt- ; w. out, 

describe), perscribo. 
writers, adjective (§ 47, m.). 
writing, scriptum, i, 

X 

Xerxes, Xerxes, is. 



Y. 

year, annus, z, m. ; year's, an- 

niuis, a, um (§ 47, v.). 
yes, to be sure, etiamj y. indeed, 

in 1 mo. 
yet, ta?7ien. 
you, tu. 
your, tuus, a, um; vester, tra, 

trumj iste (§ 20, 11.). 
young, adolescens, ntis; y. man, 

adolescents, juvenis, is j abl. e, 

gen. pi. tun. 
youth, adolescens, ntis, c ; juvenis, 

is, M. ; (abstract, or body of y.), 
juventus, tutis, F. 



zeal, studium, i, N. 
zealously, studiose. 



Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by John Wilson and Son. 



INDEX 



TO 






ALLEN'S MANUAL LATIN GRAMMAR, 

With Parallel References to Andrews and Stoddard, Bullions 
(Morris's Ed.), Harkness, and Madvig. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Hakkn. 


Madvig. 


1. Alphabet. 


1-5 


2-7 


2-4 


4-13 


2. Pronunciation. 


6-12 


10-14 


6-16 


14 


3. Quantity (§ 78). 


13 


16-19 


20-24 


15-22 


4. Accent. 


14-16 


20-23 


25-28 


23 


5. Inflection. 


24, 25 


25 




25, 26 


1. Definition. 








25 


2. Root and Stem. 








26 


3. Noun & Verb forms. 






32, 194 


24 


4. Particles. 


190 




302 


Obs. 


6. Gender. 


27 


32 


33 


27 


1. Nat. and Grammat. 


27, 6 




33, n. 


O. 1. 


2. Rules. 


28,29,34 


33-38 


35 


28, 31 


3. Common Gender. 


30-32 


39 


36, 2 


29 


4. Epicene. 


33 


41 


4 


30 


7. Case. 


36 


43 


38 


32 


8. Declension. 


38 


44-50 


39 


33 


i. Five Declensions. 


39 


44 


40 




ii. General Rules. 


40 


47 


38, 3 




9. First Declension. 


41-45 


51-57 


42, 43 


34-36 


1. Gender. 


41 


53 


42 


36 


2. Termination ai. 


43, 1 


55 


3,2) 


O.l. 


3. Gen. plur. urn. 


2 


56 


3) 


3 


4. Dat. & Abl. abus. 


2 


57 


4) 
43 


4 


5. Greek Nouns. 


44, 45 


52 


35 


10. Second Declension. 


46-54 


58-72 


45-47 


37-39 


1. Term, os, on. 


54 


68 


46 


38 


2. Feminines. 


49 


72, 2 


47, i. 


39, a, c. 


3. Locative in i. 










4. Gen. in i = ii. 


52, 


64 


45, 1) 


37, O. 1 


o. Voc. in i. 


52 


65 


2) 


3 


6. Gen. pi. um. 


52 


66 


4) 


4 


7. Deus. 


53 


67 


6) 


5 


8. Nouns in er. 


47 


62 


4 


37 . 


9. Neuters in us. 


51 


72, 3 


47, ii. 


39 end 


10. Names in eus. 


54, 5 


69 


46, 3 


38, O. 3. 



INDEX. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. &s. 


Bullions. 


Hakkn. 


Madvig. 


U. Third Declension. 


55-86 


73-136 


48-115 


40-45 


i. Vowel- Stems, 




98-100 


50, i. 


40, l,c. 


1. Term, al, ar, er. 




112 




2, a. 


2. ,, im, i. 


79, 82 


110 


85, in. 


42, 1, 3 


3. Abl. neut. in e. 




100 




3 & 6. O. 


4. Gen. pi. um, ium. 


83, ii. 


115-120 


89 


44, 1 


5. vis. 


85 


123 




55, 2 


6. Greek Names. 


81, R. 


124-136 




45 


ii. Liquid Stems. 


70 


90-96 


51 


40, 1, a. 


1. Stems in n. 


61.4 


92, 96 




e. 


2. Neuters. 


76 


97 




2,6. 


3. Stems in ter. 


71 


93, 95 




1,^,0. 


4. Feminine s. 


59 


520 




41, 1 


in. Mute Stems. 




86-89 






1. Labial. 




88 (2) 




40, 1,6. 


2. Lingual. 




88(1) 




d. 


3. Palatal. 




87 




d. 


4. Peculiar. 




123 




42 


Greek Nouns. 


86 


124-136 




41 


iv. Bules of Gender. 


58-67 


151-171 






12 Fourth Declension. 


87-89 


137-145 


116-118 


46,47 


1. Feminines. 


88 


138 


118 


47 


2. domus. 


89 


144 


117 


46, end 


3. Dat., abl. ubus. 


89,5 


140 


116, 1) 


O 1. 


4. Verb- stems. 










13. Fifth Declension. 


90 


146-150 


119, 120 


48,49 


1. Plural wanting. 


R. 1 


147 


115,5 


48, O. 2. 


2. Gender of dies. 


1 


146, N. 


120 


49 


3. Term. ies. 


R. 2 








14. Irregular Nouns. 


92-99 




128-141 


50-57 


1. Sing, wanting. 


95, 96 


178 


131 


51 


2. Norn. 


94 




133, 1 


55, 1 


3. One or two cases. 


94 


179 


134 


2-4 


4. Indeclinable. 


94, 1 


183 


128 


54 


5. Heteroclites. 


99 


185 


136 


56 


6. Variable. 


97 


179, 186 


132 


52 


7. Double Inflection. 


91 


176 




53 


15. Proper Names. 










16. Adjectives. 


105-121 


189-200 


146-158 


58-68 


i. 1st and 2d Declen. 


105-107 


190-192 


148 


58 


ii. 3c? Declension. 


108-111 


193-198 


151-153 


59 


1. Vowel Stems. 


108, 109 


196 (ii.) 


151, 152 


59 


2. Consonant Stems. 


110, 111 


193 (i.) 


153 


60 


17. Comparison. 


122-127 


214-229 


160-170 


62-68 


i. General Rule. 


124 


216, 217 


162 


63, 64 


1. Adj. in er. 


125, 1 


218 


163, 1 


64 


2. Superl. -limus. 


2 


220 


2 


64 


3. Adj. in -dicus, &c. 


3 


221 


164 


65 



INDEX. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


Madvig. 


4. Adj. in us pure. 


127 


227 


170 


67 a, 68 c 


H . Irregular. 


125, 5 


219 


165 


65, 2 


in. From Prepositions. 


4 


222 


)66 


66 


iv. Defective. 


126 


223, 224 


167 


67, 68 


V. 1. Use of Comparat. 


212, N. 1 




170, 1, 2 


300-309 


2. do. with than. 


256 




444, 2 


303, 304 


3. Two compartives. 


id. R. 12 




id. 


307 


4. Superl. of eminence. 


207 R. 35 




444, 3 


310 


5. do. with quam. 


127,4 


229 


id. 


id.O.3. 


18. Numerals. 


117-121 


201-213 


171-181 


69-77 


i. Cardinal & Ordinal. 


117, 119 


202, 206, 7 


174 


70, 74 


1. unus. 


107 


203, 3 


176, 1 


71 


2. duo, ambo. 


118 


203,3 


2 


71 


3. tres, mille, &c. 


5, 6 


204 


178 


71, 72 


4. Numeral Adverbs. 


119 


207 


179 


199 


ii. Distributive. 


id. in. 


207 


174 


75 


1. Use of distributive. 




209 


2 


76, a. 


2. For Cardinals. 




209 


3) 


c. 


3. In Multiplication. 




209 


2) 


b. 


19. Pronouns. 


132, 133 


230-236 


182-185 


78-93 


i. Personal. 


133 


231 


184 


79 


ii. Reflective. 


132,4 


232 




85 


in. Possessive. 


139 


236 


185 


92 


Enclitic Affixes. 


133, 4 


233, 237 


184, 6 


79, O. 2. 


20. Demonstratives. 


134, 135 


239-244 


186 


80-83 


I. Inflection. 




239, 243 




81-83 


II. Use & Meaning. 




240-242 


450,451 


id. 


21. Relatives. 


136-138 


245-255 


187 


86-88 


I. Inflection. 




245, 6 




86 


1. qui (abl.) ; -cumque. 


191, R. 1 


245, 253 


1 


88, O. 2. 


2. cum (enclit.). 


241, R. 1 


245 (end) 


2 


86, O. 2. 


ii. Use and Meaning. 






453-458 


86, 90 


1 . qui interrog. (noun) . 


137, 1 


246 


188,454 


88 


2. „ „ (adj.). 


id. 


id. 




88, O. 1. 


3. quantus, &c. 


139, 5 


257 




93 


4. atque, ac. 


198, ii. 


906 


417, 4 


444, 6. 


in. Indefinite. 


138 


249-255 


189-191 


87 


22. Correlatives. 


139, 5 


257 




93 


1. Classification. 


id. (3) 


257 




93 


2. alius, alter. 


207, R 32 


664 


459 


84 


23. Verbs: Structure. 


140-142 


258-263 


192-200 


94-107 


1. Parts. 


151 


260 


195-197 


94 107 


2. do. wanting. 


144, 3 


268, 327 




107 


3. Passive as reflective. 


248 (2) 


305 




222,0.3 


24. Moods. 


143 


264 


196 


96 


i. Indicative. 


1 


i. 


i., 1 


a. 


ii. Subjunctive. 


2 


ii. 


2 


b. 


Hi. Imperative. 


3 


m. 


3 


c. 



INDEX. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


Madvig. 


1. Present. 


267 (1) 


1111 


536 


384 


2. Future. 


267 (2) 


1112 


537 


386 


IV. Infinitive. 


145, R. 4 


264, iv. 


196,n.l 


387 


1. As Object of Verb. 


270 


1148 


550 


389 


2. Subj. Accusative. 


272 


286 


551 


388, b. 


3. Indeclinable Noun. 


269 


1147 


549 


388, a. 


25. Participles. 


148 


269 


196,n.4 


99 


i. 1. Present. 


148 (2) 


1350 


572 


a. 


2. Future. &c. 


274, R. 6 


1355 


573, 574 


b, c. 


3. Gerundive. 


275 


1304 


562 


end 


ii. Use & Meaning. 


274 


1343 


563 


411-431 


26. Gerund & Supine. 




265 


196, ii. 


99 


i. Ger. & Gerundive. 


275 


1322 


2 


413-422 


II. Supine. 1. Form. 


148, 3 


1360, 65 


3 


411, 412 


2. Meaning. 






567 




27. Tenses. 


144 


266 


197 


97 


i. Present. 


145, i. 


1080-86 


466 


1 


ii. Imperfect. 


ii. 


1087 


468 


2, b. 


1. Description. 






469, i. 


337 


2. Continued Action. 




1087 


id. ii. 


id. O. 1 


3. Circumstances. 




1088 




id. 


in. Perfect. 


IV. 


267 


471 


2, a 


1. Narration. 




1093 


id. Ii. 


335, a. 


2. As Pluperfect. 




1094 


id. 4 


338, b. 


3. Perf. Definite. 




1092 




335, b. 


Perf. Subjunctive. 




1168 




379 


iv. Future. 


III., VI. 


1090 


470 


3 


v. Prim. & Secondary. 




1162, 3 


198, 2 


333 


VI. Perfect Stem. 






241, ii. 


103 


Classification. 


144, 2 


266 


198 




28. Personal Endings. 


147, 3 


333 




98 


29. i. esse, to be. 


153 


277-280 


204 


108 


ii. abesse, adesse. 


154, R. 5 


410 




O. 2. 


in. posse. 


R. 7 


412 


289 


154 


iv. prodesse. 


R. 6 


411 


290 


108,0.2. 


30. Conjugation. 


149 


271 


201 


100 


i. Charact. Vowel. 


id. 2 


272 


245 


100, a-d. 


n. Perf. & Supine. 


151 


275 


241 


103-105 


in. 3d Conjugation. 


159 


294-298 


213 


130, 143 


iv. Perfect Stem. 


164-177 


344-356 


258 


117-144 


31. Active Voice. 


155, &c. 


282, &c. 


205, &c. 


109, i. 


32. Passive Voice. 


156, &c. 


283, &c. 


206, &c. 


109, ii. 


33. Rules op Conj. 


163 


281 




94-107 


i. Stems. 


150, 162 


274 


241, 242 


102 


ii. Inflection. 




334 






1. Imperf. Subj. 










2. Passive Tenses. 


151 (b) 


281 (end) 




107 


3. Imperat. Pass. 











INDEX. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Hakkn. 


Madvig. 


hi. Sync, of v & s. 


162-7 


315-320 


234 


113 


2. Irreg. Imperat. 


4 


323 


237 


114, c. 


3. Old Forms. 


1,9 


325 


239 


115 


34. Forms of Conjug. 




271-276 




109 


i. Principal Farts. 


164-177 


275 


202, 240 


103, 105 


ii. Fart, in us. 




327 


241, in. 


106 


do. as Adjective. 




1086 






35. Deponent Verbs. 


161 


304-314 


221 


110-112 


i. 1. Participles. 


148,1,(4) 


306 


1 


111 


2. do. in dus. 


162,17(6) 




2 


id. 


3. Keut. or Reflective. 




305 




110,0.1 


4. Of 1st Conjugation. 








146 


5. Act. & Pass, forms. 








147 


6. Used as Passives. 




306 




110,0.3 


7. Perf. part. do. 


162, 17 a 






id. 


n. Neuter Passives. 


142, 2 


312, 313 


272, 282 


O. 2 


Neutral do. 


3 


314 




133, Obs. 


36. Derivative Verbs. 


187 






195-197 


i. Inchoatives. 


2 


588 


332, ii. 


140-142 


ii. lntensives. 


5 


587 




195, 2 


in. Frequentatives. 


1 


584 


I. 


195, 1 


iv. Desideratives. 


3 


589 


in. 


197 


37. Irregular Verbs. 


178-182 


410-433 


287-296 


195-197 


i. volo. 


178, 1 


417 


293 


157 


ii. nolo. 


2 


418 




id. 


in. malo. 


3 


419 




id. 


iv. fero. 


179 


422 


292 


155 


v. edo. 


181 


431 


291 


156 


vi. eo. 


182 


413 


295 


158 


vn. facio, fio. 


180 


426 


294 


160 


viii. queo, nequeo. 


182, n. 


416 


296 


159 


38. Defective Verbs. 


183 


434-450 


297 


161-164 


i. Preteritive. 


1-3 


437 


i. 


161 


ii. aio. 


4 


443 


ii. 1 


162, a. 


in. inquam. 


5 


444 


2 


162, b. 


iv. fari. 


6 


441 


3 


163 


v. salve, &c. 


8-11 


447 


in. 


164 


39. Impersonal Verbs. 


184 


441-458 


298-301 


165-168 


1. With subj. infm. 


229, R. 7 


454 


299 


166, b. 


2. ,, ace. & gen. 


229, R. 6 


454 


410, 6 


b. 


3. ,, Subj. clause. 


184, (b) 




556 


165, O. 


4. pluit, &c. 


181,3(/) 


456 


300 


166, a. 


5. Pas. of Neut. Verbs. 


184 2 (6) 


453 


301, 3 


244, b. 


40. Periphrastic Forms. 


162 


328, 329 


227 


99 


i. With part, in rus. 


14 


328 


230 


341 


ii. ,, Gerundive. 


15 


329 


231 


420 


41. Adverbs. 


190-194 


460 


303 


169-171 


i. Fovm& Comparison. 


192 ii 194 


462 


305 





6 


INDEX 








Sect. Topic. 


A. &S. 


Bullions. 


Harm. 




Madvig. 


ii. Of Special Meaning. 


191 








1. etiam. quoque. 


198, 1 (d) 




587,4 


471 


2. nunc, jam. 


191, R. 6 


1083 




334, Obs. 


3. certo, certe. 


192, N. 1 








4. primum, primo. 








199, 0. 1 


5. ne . . . quidem. 


193, in. 


1390 


585 


457 


6. Two Negatives. 


277, R. 3 


998 


585 


460 


42. Prepositions. 


195 


468-485 


306, 433 


172 


i. With Accusative. 


4 


469 


433 


i. 


ii. ,, Ablative. 


5 


470 


434 


ii. 


in. ,, ace. or abl. 


6 


471 


435 


in. 


iv. Special Meaning. 


R. 6-15 


472-474 




230 


43. Conjunctions. 


198 


488-505 


308-311 


433-444 


1. et, -que, atque. 


1 


490 


587, 588 


433 


2. sed, verum, at. 


9 


492 




437 


3. aut, vel, sive. 


2 


491 




436 


4. nam, enim. 


7 


493 




435 


o. ergo, igitur, &c. 


6 


494 




471, 480 


6. quia, quod, &c. 


7 


502 




357 


7. quum (cum). 


7 


502 




435 


8. et . . . et, &c. 


1(e) 


1375 




435, 458 


9. atque (ac). 


3,R. 


906 




444 


10. aut em, enim, &c. 


7,R. 


505 




437 


11. namque, neque, &c. 


N. 3 






458, b. 


44. Formation of Wokds. 




508-600 




174-206 


i. Nouns from Nouns. 


100, i. 


530-548 


315-318 




1. In um, etum. 


5-8 


538 


317, 318 


180, 1, 6 


2. Diminutives. 


3 


540-545 


315 


182 


3. Patronymics. 


1 


546-548 


316 


183 


ii. Nouns from Adj. 


101 


549-554 


319 


184 


in. Nouns from Verbs. 


102 


515-529 


320 


J 77-179 


1 . In tor, trix. 


6 


517, 518 


321, 1 


177, 2 


2. ,, io, us. 


7 


520, 521 


2 


178 


3. ,, men, mentum. 


4 


525, 526 


320, 3 


179 


iv. Adjs. from Nouns. 


128, i. 


560-572 


323-326 


185-192 


1. eus, aceus. 


1 


560, 562 


324 


186 


2. icus, ilis. 


2 


563, 564 


325 


187 


3. osus, lentus. 


4 


570, 571 


323 . 


188 


4. -tus. 


7 


572 


id. 


188 (14) 


5. From Proper Names. 


6 


573, 574 


326 


189 


6. Locals. 


6 


575-581 


id. 


190-192 


v. Adjs. from Verbs. 




555-559 


328 


185 


1. -bundus. 


1 


555 


1 


115, q. 


2. -idus. 


2 


556 


2 


185 (1) 


3. -ax. 


6 


558 


4 


(3) 


4. -ilis, bilis. 


4 


557 


3 


(2) 


vi. Compound Nouns. 


103 


601, 602 


338 





INDEX. 



Sect. 



Topic. 



Syntax. 

45. Definitions. 

1. Subject & Predicate. 

2. Agreeing. & GoVt. 

3. Copula. 

46. Agreement of Nouns. 
Apposition. 
In Gender. 
With Locative. 
With Possessives. 

47. Of Adjkctives. 
In Plural. 
Different Genders. 
(1.) With nearest. 
(2.) Masc. or Neut. 

Synesis. 
Adjs as Nouns. 
Possessives. 
Noun as Adjective. 
Neuter Adjective. 
Fern, with res. 
Appos. with Noun, 
do. with Infin. 
For Genitive. 
Possessives. 
Adj Pronoun. 
Rendered in English. 
Two Comparatives, 
summus, &c. 
alius . . . alius. 

48. Relatives : Definition. 

I. Rule of Agreement. 
ii. In Gender. 

Antecedent repeated. 
,, omitted. 

,, in rel. clause. 
Use of is or hie. 
How translated. 
Used for Demonstr. 
id quod or quae res. 

49. Agreement of Verbs. 

i. With several subjects. 
Person. 
Number. 

Collective Nouns, 
quisque, &c. 
ii. Pronoun omitted. 
tii. Historical Infinitive. 



1. 
2. 
3. 
Of 
i. 
ii. 



hi. 



IV 



V. 



VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 



III. 



IV. 
V. 



A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Har 


KN. 


Madvig. 


200-203 


616-620 








201-203 


616, 7-9 


347 




208, a. 


203, ii. 6 


618-620 








140, 4 








209, a. b. 


204, 210 


622-632 


362 




217 


„ R. 1 


622, 666 


363 




210, b. 


„ R. 2 


624 


362, 


1 


214 


221, R. 2 


935 


423, 


3) 


273, a. O 


205, R. 13 


628 


397, 


3 


297, a. 


205 


650-655 


438 




211, &. 


„ R. 2 


652 


439 




213 


» (1-3) 


653, 4, 669 




2 


214 


,, ex. 


656 




1 


a, d. 


„ 3 


659 




3 


b. 


.. (3) 


678 


4386,461 


215 


„ R. 7 


658 


441 




301 


„ N. 1 






1 




„ R. 11 


661 






301, c. 


„ R. 7 


654 




2 


247,6. 


„ „N.l 






4 


301, 6. 




659 


438, 


4 


211, b. 


„ R. 8 


660 


438, 


3 


388, b. 


211, R. 4 




441, 


5 


300, 0. 3 


,, R. 3 


1027 


398, 


3 


297 


205, R. 5 


1028, 9 


445, 


4 


313 


„ R. 15 


663 


442, 


443 


300 


25(5, R 12 


903 


444, 


2 


307 


„ R. 17 


662 


441, 


6 


311 


207, R 32 


664, 5 


459 




496 


136, 203 


245 


187 




315 


20o 


683 


445 




a. 


.. (9) 


694 




4 


O. 1 


„ (1) 


688 




8 


0.2 


,. (4) 


689 




6 


316 


,. (8) 


687 




9 


319 


„ (3, a) 


690 


453, 


1 


320 


,,(1718) 


691, 701 


453 




448 


„ (13) 




445, 


7 


315, 6. 


209 (b.) 


634 


460 




211, a. 


„ R. 12 


643 


463 




212 


„ „(7) 


646 


ii., 1 


212 


„ „(2) 


644 


] 


[i. 


213 


„ R. 11 


648 


461, 


1 


215, a. 


„ „(4) 


681 




3 


217,0.1 


„ R. 12 


636, 1013 


460, 


2 


211,0.2 


„ R. 5 


1137 


545, 


1 


392 



8 



INDEX. 



Sect. Topic. 


A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


Madvig. 


50. Genitive. 


211-221 


744-813 


393 


279-298 


i. Subjective. 


211, R. 2 


745 


396, 1. 


280 


In Predicate. 


„R.8(1) 


780 


401 


280, 0. 1 


1. Limiting a Phrase. 


,, (3) a. 


780 


404, 2 


282 


For Neut. Adjrctive. 


„ 8(3) 


780, exp. 


401, 2 


O. 1 


Neut. of Possessive. 


„ „ (a) 


782 


404, 1 


297 


2. Of Quality. 


„ R. 6 


757 


396, 4 


287 


(Ablative.) 


„ ,, Co) 


759, 888 


428 


0.2 


3. For Appositive. 


,,R.2n. 


631 


396, v. 


286 


4. Of Specification. 


213, R. 2 


765, 779 


399,1; 3 


290 


ii. Partitive. 


212 


748 


396, in. 


284 


1. Nouns, &c. 


„ R. 1 


771 


396 2, 1) 


0.2 


2. Numerals, &c. 


„ R.2 


771 


2) 




3. Neuters. 


,, R. 3 


760 


3) (3) 


O. 5 


4. Adverbs. 


„ R.4 


762 


4) 


O. 10 


(ex with abl.) 


,, R2n. 


775 




O. 1 


in. Objective. 


211, R. 3 


746 


396, 11. 


289 


1. With Nouns. 


>> it 


753 


396, 11. 


283 


Possessives. 


* * > > C" 


756 


398, 3 


297, bO. 


2. Adjs. of Quality. 


213 


776 


399, 2, 2) 


289 


3. Verbals. 


„ Kl 


765 


2,1) 


a. 


4. similis, &c. 


,, R. 6 


863 


3, 2) 


f- 


(Use of Prepositions.) 


211, R.2 


778 


398, 4 


298 


IV. Object of Verbs. 


215-220 


780-809 


400-410 


291 


1. Of Memory, &c. 


216 


788 


406, 11. 


?> 


(Accusative.) 


,, R.l 


796 


407 


O.l 


2. Aecusing, &c. 


217, 218 


793 


410, 11. 


293 


(de with abl.) 


„ R.2 


798 


3, 2) 


298 


3. Of Pity, &c. 


215 


783, 805 


406, 1. 


292 


4. interest & refert. 


219 


809 


408 


295 


(Abl. fern, of poss.) 


„ R. 1 


809, end 


1, 2) 


»> 


5. Plenty, Want, &c. 


220, 3 


776 


409, 1 


295, O. 3 


6. potior. 


„ 4 


882 


3 


265, O. 1 


Adverbs. 


212, R. 4 


1005-1010 


411 


284, O. 9 


51. Dative. 


222-228 


814-871 


382-398 


240-250 


i. Words of Likeness. 


„ R. 1 


860 


391, 1 


247 


Use of Prepositions. 


„ R.4 


857 


2, 1) 


242, O. 3 


dat. com. et incom. 


222 


817 


385 


241, O. 1 


Use of pro. 




815 


384,n.2 


O. 2 


Ethical Dative. 


228, N. 


838 


389 


248 


n. Indirect Object. 


223 


816 


383 


241, 242 


Use of ad. 


225, iv. 


866 


11. 2 


242, O. 3 


or Dat. (in poetry). 


iv. R. 2 


8^37 




251 


dono, &c. 


249, R. 3 


859 


384, 11. 1 


260, b. 


in. Verbs of Favor, &c. 


223, R. 2 


831 


385 


244 


(Adjectives, &c. 


222, R. 1 


862 


392 


247, b. 


Impers. Passives. 


223, N. c, 


841 




241, b. 


With ace. of Thing. 


» (1, o.) 


858 


384,n. 1 


O. 3 



INDEX. 



Sect. 


Topic. 


A. & s. 


Bullions. 


Hajrkw. 


Madvig. 


IV. 


Transit, (spec, sig.) 


223 (1, a) 


836 


385, 3 


O. 1, 2 


V. 


Comp. of Prepos. 


224 


826, 820 


386 


243 




circum, &c. 


,, R. 1 


829 


2 


,, 




Prep, repeated. 


„ R. 4 


994 


3 


O. 1, 2 


VI. 


Of Possession. 


226 


821 


387 


246 




Names. 


„ R. l 


632 


1,2 


0.2 


VII. 


Of Purpose. 


227 


848 


390 


249 


VIII. 


With Gerundive. 


225, in. 


847 


388 


420, 421 




With Passives. 


„ ii. 


844 


1,2 


250, a. 


52. Accusative. 


229-239 


711-743 


371-381 


222-238 


i. 


Transitives. 


229 


712 


371, 1 


223 




Neuters. 


232 (1) 


716 


3 


c. 




Of Tasting, &c. 


„ (2) 




2) 


0.2 




Cognate Accusative. 


„ (1) 


713 


1,3) 


c, O. 4 


ii. 


Compounds. 


233 


718, 719 


4 


224, 225 


1. 


Of Motion. 


„ 0) 




1) 


224, 231 


2. 


With circum, &c. 


» (2) 




2) 


225 


in. 


Secondary Object. 


230-234 




374 


228 


1. 


Asking & Teaching. 


231 


734 


374 


,, a, b. 




Passive. 


234, i. 


735 


371, 6 


,, a, O. 




Ail. w. Prep. 


231, R. 2 


737 


374, 3 


„&,0.1 


2. 


Active Compounds. 




718, 993 


6 




3. 


In Apposition. 


230 


715 


373 


227 


IV. 


Neut. Pronouns, &c. 


253, R. 3 


731, 992 


374, 5 


229, 238 




Greek Accusative. 


234, ii. 


728, 892 


380 


237, c. 




Passive (reflective.) 


248 (2) 


732 




237, a. 


v. 


Exclamations. 


238, 2 


725 


381 


236 


VI. 


Subj. of Infin. 


239 


1136 


375 


388, b. 


53. Vocative. 


240 


973-980 


369 


299 




Nominative in appos. 




978 


3 


b, O. 2 


54. Ablative. 


241-257 


872-930 


412-431 


252-278 


i. 


Cause, Means, &c. 


247, 250 


873, 890 


414, 429 


253, 254 




Motive & Object. 


„ R. 1 




414, 2 


256 




causa and gratia. 


„ R. 2 




2,3) 


257 




per, and opera. 


„ K 4 




4,5 


254, O. 3 


ii. 


Manner & Quality. 


247, 2 


888 


414, 3 


258 




Use of cum. 


»» 




7 


„ o. 




Accompaniment. 


249, hi. 








in. 


utor, &c. 


245 


880 


419, i. 


265 


IV. 


dignus, &c. 


244 


919 


IV. 


268 


v. 


Comparative. 


256 


895 


417 


271, 304 




Use of plus, &c. 


,„ R. 6 


900 


3 


305 




Degree of Difference. 


„ R. 16 


929 


418 


270 


VI. 


Separation, &c. 


251, 242 


916 


425 


262 




Prepositions. 


„ R. 1 


917 


3 


263 


VII. 


opus & usus. 


243 


923 


419, v. 


206 




Neut. Participle. 


„ R. 1 


1359 


3, 1) 


O. 


VIII. 


Particip. of Origin. 


246 


918 


425, 1, 3 


269 



10 



INDEX. 



Sect. 


Topic. 


A. &S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


Madvig. 




Use of Prepositions. 


246, R. 2 


918, Obs. 




269, O. 


IX. 


Price. 


252 


884 


416 


259 




Gen. of Price. 


214 


799 


402, in. 


294 


1. 


Of Adjectives. 


„ R.l 


802 


2, 2) 


„ 0.2 


2. 


Of Nouns. 


>, >, 


802 


3) 


„ 0.1 


X. 


Ablative Absolute. 


257 


965 


431 


277 


N. 


Subject & Predicate. 


„ K7 










In Appos. w. phrase. 


,, R. 8 


971 


4 






Used Adverbially. 


,, ,, 




5 


277, 0.3 


55. Time and Place. 


253 


931-963 






i. 


Time, When, &c. 


„ 236 


949, 950 


426, 378 


276, 234 




Use of post, &c. 


„ Ri 


954 


427 


276, O. 6 


1. 


Prepositions. 


„ R.4 


953 


426, 2 


»» ,, -*- 


2. 


Abl. of Duration. 


236, n. 1 


951 


378, 1 


4 


ii. 


Extent of Space. 


236 


958 


378 


234 




Gen. of Measure. 


211, R. 6 


961 


402, in. 


287 




Ace. or abl. of Dist. 


236, R. 4 


962 


id. 2 


270 


in. 


Relations of Place. 


221, 237 


931-948 


421-424 


273 


1. 


Whence. 


255 


941 


421, ii. 


275 


2. 


Whither. 


237 


938 


379 


232 




(Prepositions.) 


„ R.5 


940 


1,4 


233, 0. 1 


3. 


Where (Locative.) 


221, N. 


932, 933 


421 


273, 296 




In i (gen.). 


221 


934 


423, ii. 


296, a. 




In e (abl.). 


254 


934 


421 






domi, &c. 


221, R. 3 


943 


424, 2 


296, b. 


4. 


Possessive in agreem. 


id. (1) 


945 


423, ii. 3 


„ 0.1 




Preposition. 


,» », 


945 


>> 


„ ,,298 


5. 


Abl. as Locative. 


254, R. 3 


937 


422 


273, 0. 1 




In Poetry. 


»> », 




id. end. 


,, ,» 2 


IV. 


Way by which. 


255, 2 


941 




274 


56. Prepositions. 


195, 4, 5 


981-1004 


432-437 


172 


i. 


Government. 


235, 241 


981-983 


433-435 


,, 


1. 


in and sub. 


235 (2) 


988 


435 


230 




in with abl. 


„ R.4 


989 


1 


„ b. 


2. 


super. 


„ (3) 


990 


2 


,, 


3. 


subter. 


„ (±) 


988 


2 


,, 


4. 


Day of Month. 


326 


1527 




Suppl. 




ante diem. 


» (8) 


», 


708, in. 


,, 




With Preposition. 


» (9) 


,, end. 


id. 4 


,, 


5. 


tenus, gen. 


221, in. 


985 


411, 2 


172 




,, abl. 


241, R. 1 




434, 4 


»» 


ii. 


Adverbs as Prepos. 


238 


1005-1012 


437 


172,0.3 


1. 


pridie, &c. 


„ (&■) 


1010 


1 


230, 0. 1 


2. 


palam. 




470 


2 


172, O. 3 


3. 


clam. 


235 (5) 


,, 


3 


,, ,, 


Prepositions as Adverbs. 


195, -R.4 


1012 


436 


„ 0.2 


in. 


Prepos. with quam. 


253, X. 3 


955 


2 


276,0.6 


IV. 


Abl. of Agent (ab.) 


248, i. 


878 


414, 5 


254, O. 1 



INDEX. 



11 



Sect. 



Topic. 



57. Sequence of Tenses. 
i. Perf. Subj. 
in aoristic sense, 
followed by sec. tense. 
For future perfect. 
II. Historical Present. 
in. Completed Action. 
posteaquam, &c. 
dum (while). 
Perf. Indef. for Def. 
iv. Tenses of Infinitive. 
Pres. after debeo. 



58. 



memim. 
V. General Truth. 

Epistolary style. 
Moods. 



i. Indicative. 
ii. Subjunctive. 
in. Imperative. 
Prohibitions. 
Future Imperative. 
IV. Infinitive. 

To express Purpose. 
In Exclamations. 

59. Conditional Sentence 

I. Definitions. 
ii. Condition expressed. 
Conclusion, implied. 
m. Indicative. 
iv. Subjunctive. 

1. Pres. Subj. 

do. with Fut. Ind. 

2. Imp & Plup. Subj. 
Indie, in apodosis. 
Perf. Subj., periphr. 

3. General conditions. 
Note, possum, &c. 

60. Implied Conditions. 

1. Imperfect, potential. 

2. Cautious statement. 

3. Doubtful questions. 

4. Concession, &c. 

61. Conditional Particle. 

1. Particles of Compar. 

2. ,, Concession. 

3. dum, modo. 

62. Relations of Time. 
1. cum. 



A. & S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


Madvig. 


258 


1164 


480 


382 


j» 


> > 


480, i. 2 


>> 


258, i. 2 


1168 


482, 2 


382, O. 3 


258, i. 2 


1173 










481, in. 


379 


258, i. 2 


1167 


481, iv. 


382, O. 1 


259, R. 2 




471,ii.3 


333 


259, R. 1 


1094 




338, b. 






467, m. 


336, O. 2 


258, i. 2 


1171 


482, 1 


383 


268 


1126 


540 


406 




1132 


541, 3 




268, R. 1 


1131 




408, O. 2 
383 




1100 


469, ii. 


345 


259 


1079 


474 


331 


260 


1161 


476 


346 


267 


1110 


535 


384 


j> 


1114 


538 . 


386 


»> 


1112 


537 


384 


273, K 


1147-8 


548 


387 


271, N. 


1121, 1160 


552, 553 


389,0.2 


270, R. 2 


1159 


553, in. 


399 


261 


1259 


502 


347 


id. 1 


>> 


502 


>> 






575, 508 


,, c. 


261, 2 R. 


1261 


508 




261, 2 


1265 


509 


347, b. 






511, ii. 


348, e. 


261, 1 


1267 


510 


347, 6. 


259, R. 4 


1273, 1276 


512, 2, 2 


348 
381 


264, 12 


1271 


486, in. 


359 


259, R. 3 


1274 


512,2 1) 


348, c.O. 




1177 


485 


345 


260, R. 2 


1278 


,, HI, 4 


5» 


„ R-4 


1178 


>, i. 


346 


„ R.5 


1180 


,, ii. 


353 


,, R. 3 




516, ii. 


352 


263, 2 


1277 


506 


349 


» > 


1282 


515 


361 


>> 


1259 


505 


351, b. 


263, 5 


1251 


518 


358 



12 



INDEX. 



Sect. 



Topic. 



cum, when. 
dum, donee, &c. 

63. Cause or Reason. 
I. Conjunctions. 

non quo. 
ii. Relative clauses. 
in. cum causal, 
cum — quod. 

64. Purpose. 

i. Relatives. 

ii. With quo. 
in. Verbs of fearing, 
iv. ut omitted. 

V. Purpose. 

65. Conseq. or Result. 
i. Relative or ut. 

ii. quin. 

Equivalent express. 
in. quominus. 
iv. Relative clauses. 

1. With dignus, &c. 

2. General expressions. 

3. After quam. 

66. Intermed. Clauses. 

i. General Statement. 
ii. After Subjunctives. 

67. Or ati o Obliqua. 

i. Indirect Questions. 
Note, nescio quis. 
nescio an. 
2. Indirect Quotations. 
Conditional Clauses. 
Subject omitted. 
ii. Subordinate clauses. 
Note : Indicative. 

1. Imperatives. 

2. Questions. 

in. f ore & futurum esse. 

Verbs of hoping, &c. 

iv. 1. Impers. use of Pass. 

2. ,, ,, Infin. 

v. Comparisons in Or. O. 

68. Wishes & Commands, 
i. Tenses of Subjunct. 

ii. Verbs of Wishing. 
in. Verbs of Command. 

69. Relative Clauses. 



A. &S. 


Bullions. 


Harkn. 


MADVIG. 


263, R. 2 


1244 


518, n. 


358 


263, 3 &4 


1238, 1241 


521 


360 


266, 3 


1255 


520 


357 


262, 1 


1256 


„ ii. 3 


„ 6,0. 


264, 8 


1251 


519 


366 


263, 5 


1248 


518, 1 
489 


358 


262 


1205 


497 


355 


„ R. 9 


1210 


497 


>> 


„ R. 7 


1215 


492, 4 


376 b. 


„ R.4 




493, 2 


370, O. 2 




1214 




411, 


262 


1218 


494 


355 


,, R. 10 


1230-3 


498 


375, c. 




1234 


499, 2 


,, a. 


262, R. 9 


1236 


499 


„ &• 


264,9, 10 


1226 


501, ii. 


363, b. 


264, 6 &7 


1227 


501, 1 


365 


264, 4 




501, iv. 




266, 1 


1292 




368 


>» 


1291 


527 


369 


266, 2 


1295 


528 


369 


265 


1182 


525 


356 


„ R. 4 


1189 


„ 4 


356,0.3 


,, R. 3 


1188 


526, ii. 


453 


272 


1135 


551 


395 


268, R. 5 


1303 


532, 3 


409 


239, R. 2 




545, 2 


401,0.2 


266, 2 


1291 


531 


369 


„ R. 5 


1293 


527, 2 




„ R. 1 


1200 


530, ii. 


404 




1296, b., c. 


>> 


405 


268, R. 4 


1133 


544 


410 
395, O. 3 




1155 


549, 4 


400, a. 


269, K 




3 


218, c. 




1158 


551, 1,5 


402, b, c. 


263, 1 


1193 


487 


351 


273, 4 


1204 


552, ii. 


389 


„ 2 


1203 


> > 


390 


264 


1207 




362-8 



INDEX. 



13 



Sect 



Topic. 



70. Substantive Clauses. 

i. Verbs of Motive, &c. 
ii. ,, Existence. 

in. ,, Satisfaction. 

iv. quod with Indie. 

71. Questions. 

i. num, -ne, &c. 
Ii. Double questions. 

72. Participles. 

1. Equivalent to clause. 

2. Emphasiz. an action. 

3. Perf. part, for active. 

73. Gerund & Gerundive. 



74. 






Nominative. 

Genitive. 

With causa, &c. 

Without causa. 

Object of difF. num. 

Dative. 

Functions of magistr. 

Accusative. 

Ablative. 
Supine. 

i. Former Supine. 
ii. Latter Supine. 



I. 
Ii. 



HI 

iv 
v 



A. & S. 

273, 1, 2 
262, R. 3 
273, 5 
„ 6 



274 

„ 3 

„ 1R. 

„ 3 1ST. 
275 

in. R. 1 



„(3&4) 
„ R. 2 

m (2) 
,, R. 3 
„ R.4 



276, ii. 
,, in. 



Bullions. 


Harkn. 






554 


1208 




558 


1222 




586 


1154 




558, v. 


1258 




554, iv. 


1101 




346, ii. 


1103- 


1106 


„ 1 


1107- 


1108 


„ 2 


1343 




571 


1350 




577-9 


1357 




580 


1347 






1319 




559-562 


1308 






1327 




563 


1330 




„ i. 1) 


?» 




„ o 


1329 




„ 4 


1332 




564 


1335 




„ 3 


1337 




565 


1340 




566 


1360 




569 


1365 




570 



Mad via. 

371 

372 

373-4 

397 



>» 
450 
451 
452 
423 
425 
426 
128. 
413 
421 
417 



417 
415 



b. 



0.2 



O. 5 



414, b. 
416 

411 
412 



THE 






NEW CLASSICAL COURSE. 



GOODWIN'S GEEEK GRAMMAR 

By Prof. W. W. Goodwin, of Harvard College. 
(see third page.) 

j GREEK LESSONS AND READER 

In Preparation. 

1 ALLEN'S LATIN COURSE. 

(SEE fifth and sixth pages.) 

I MADYIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 

(SECOND PAGE.) 



HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 

(FOURTH page.) 

CRAIK'S ENGLISH OF SHAKESPEARE. 

(seventh page.) 

GINN BROTHEKS & CO., Publishers, 

13 Beacon Street, Boston. 



Clark & Maynard New York. 

Fked B. Ginn Ill State Street, Chicago, IU. 

Sower, Barnes, & Potts Philadelphia, Pa. 

A . L. Bancroft & Co. . San Fi'ancisco, Cal. 

J. P. Morton & Co Louisville, Ky. 

Stevens & Seymour New Orleans, La. 

E. P. Gray . . St. Louis, Mo. 

(i) 



Just Published (March, 1870), 

MADYIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 

CABEFULLY REVISED BY THOMAS A. THACHER, YALE COLLEGE. 

The most complete and valuable Treatise on the language yet published, and 
admirably adapted to the watits of Teachers and College Classes. Price to 
Teachers, $2.30. 



From the Preface to Prof, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses. 

I can hardly express my great indebtedness to Madvig. The works 
of this eminent scholar have aided me not only by the material which 
they have afforded, as a basis for the present work, but also by the 
valuable suggestions with which they abound. 



From Prof E. P. Crowell. 

Amherst College, Feb. 28, 1870. 
Gentlemen, — The copy of Madvig's "Latin Grammar" you sent 
me is received. I enclose the price, and the amount of postage. I shall 
not fail to commend it most heartily to my students at an early day. 



From Prof Charles Short. 

Columbia College, Ky., March 22, 1870. 
Professor Madvig is known as one of the greatest of living classical 
scholars, — great in Greek as well as in Latin. His " Greek Syntax " I 
have often used and, always with great advantage. His " Latin Gram- 
mar " had been among my books of reference for several years in the 
translation of Mr. Wood, of Oxford, and I was glad to find, last autumn, 
so exact a scholar as my friend Professor Thacher engaged in revising 
this translation, and in incorporating into it the subsequent improvements 
of the author. It has been published by Messrs. Ginn Brothers & Co., 
of Boston ; and we congratulate American teachers and students that they 
can now procure this valuable work in as handsome a form as the Oxford 
edition, in an enlarged and improved state, and that at one-third of the 
English price. 

(2) 



GOODWIN'S 
ELEMENTARY GREEK GRAMMAR. 

By WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., 

Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 
To be issued in September. 

The publishers are authorized to state that this Grammar will be a 
new work, not an abridgment of a larger book ; that its aim will be to 
state clearly and distinctly the general principles of the Greek language, 
with special regard to those who are preparing for college ; and that it 
will contain the amount of grammatical knowledge which (in the opinion 
of the author) ought to be required of students before they enter college. In 
the chapter on the Moods will be stated, for the first time in an elementary 
form, the principles which are elaborated in detail in the author's 
" Syntax of the Greek Moods and Tenses," by which it is hoped that 
this part of the work will be made at once more intelligible and more 
accurate than it has usually been made in elementary grammars. 



Greek Lessons and Header in Preparation, 



THE LATIN YERB, 

ILLUSTRATED BY THE SANSKRIT, 

By Prop. C. H. PARKHURST. 

Price, 50 cents. 



From Marshall Henshaw, LL.D. 

Replete with interesting and valuable matter. 



From Prof. J. H. Seelye, Amherst College. 

I have great pleasure in expressing my admiration of the work and 
conviction that it will be highly valued and widely used by classical 
teachers and pupils. 

From Prof. J. B. Greenough, of Harvard University. 

It contains in a cheap, convenient, and well arranged form, informa- 
tion which no one at the present day who teaches Latin can well do 
without. 

(3) 



HUDSON'S 

SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 



This volume contains eight plays of Shakespeare, specially selected 
and prepared for use in Schools, Clubs, Classes, and Families. The 
plays selected are as follows : — 

As You Like It, 

The Merchant of Venice, 

Twelfth Night, 

First and Second Parts of King Henry the Fourth, 

King Henry the Fifth, 

Julius C^sar, and 

Hamlet. 

In all cases whole plays are given, with the bare omission of such lines 
and expressions as are not pronounceable in class. On the other hand, 
nothing is meant to be retained that is at all unbecoming the intercourse 
of teacher and pupils. The annotation, all in the form of foot-notes, is 
such as the Editor, on a long experience in teaching Shakespeare, has 
found needful, in order to a fair elucidation of the Poet's lines and lan- 
guage and allusions. Each play has an Introduction, giving such items 
of information, and such points of criticism, as it seems desirable that 
young students should have before them. Both the text and the annota- 
tion are set forth with the utmost care and exactness ; the workmanship 
in these respects being the very best that the Editor can do, after more 
than thirty years' study of the Poet. This volume, which is designed for 
a first year's course in Shakespeare, is to be followed by a second, contain- 
ing such plays as are judged fittest for a second year's course ; the selec- 
tion of plays being made on the strength of a large experience in the use 
of Shakespeare as a text-book. The Editor has long felt the need of 
such a preparation in his own teaching, and he thinks the work will be 
found to meet a general and growing want. 

(4) 



Boston, July, 1870. 

LIST OF BOOKS 



PUBLISHED BY 



GINN BROTHERS AND COMPANY, 

13, Beacon Street, Boston. 



Wholesale and Retail Prices. Terms : Cash in Thirty Days* 



Wholesale. Retail. 



ALLEN'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Prepared by W. F. 

and J. H. Allen. 12mo, 148 pages, with Index $1.00 1.25 

The first edition of this Grammar was published in August, 1868; 
the fifth edition, thoroughly revised, with the addition of full Tables of 
Inflection, in 1869. It is believed to be sufficiently complete for ail the 
needs of the ordinary student of Latin. 

Recommended by Harvard College as indicating the amount required 
for Admission. 

ALLEN'S LATIN LESSONS. 12mo. 134 pages . . 1.00 1.26 

Consisting of a carefully prepared Method of Instruction and course 
of Exercises, on the basis of Caesar, followed by half the First Book of 
the Gallic War, and exercises in Prosody; with Notes and Vocabulary. 

N.B. — When used in commencing a course of Latin Study, the Grammar 
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KEY TO ALLEN'S LATIN LESSONS. For teachers 

only 25 .30 

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Consisting of Selections from Phaedrus, Caesar, Curtius, Nepos, Sallust, 
Ovid, Virgil, Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Pliny, and Tacitus, with Notes 
and a General Vocabulary of Latin of more than 16,000 words. With 
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03) 



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The most complete and valuable Treatise on the language yet 
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in a Philological Commentary on his Julius Caesar, by George 
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(6) 



CRAIK'S 

ENGLISH OF SHAKESPEARE. 

A Book for every Student of Shakespeare or of English. 



From the Harvard Catalogue for 1869-70. 

For 1870, students may prepare themselves in Craik's " English of Shake- 
speare " or in Milton's " Comus." 

THIRD AMERICAN EDITION, REVISED. 

The student of Shakespeare should begin by mastering the English 
of Shakespeare. This he can best do by the study of this book, which is 
the most complete commentary ever written on any one of the plays. It 
contains, also, many illustrative references to the other plays, which 
render it a valuable aid to the reading of all of them. It is at once an 
introduction and a companion to every edition of Shakespeare, 

The following are extracts from a few of the recommendations this 
work has received : — 

From the North-American Review, 

The philological commentary is the fullest discussion yet given to the 
language of any of Shakespeare's plays. . . . The work of the American editor 
is admirably done throughout. The additional illustrations are numerous; they 
are always pertinent and interesting, and they show scholarship of the right 
sort. The omissions are well judged. Many errors and careless remarks are 
deleted. Where notes are rewritten, they are clearer and briefer. 

From Prof F. J. Child, of Harvard College, 

Craik's " English of Shakespeare " is an excellent work, and has received 
many improvements from Mr. Rolfe. There is no book of its dimensions that I 
know of, out of which so much may be learned about the English language. . . . 
It is one of the only two or three books which are both fit to be used, and 
within the means of students. 

From S. H. Taylor, LL.D,, Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 

It would be of great service to the young, if the work were introduced as a 
text-book in all our High Schools and Academies. The philological study of 
the English language has been too much neglected; the right use of this book 
will be found one of the best means of remedying this defect. 

(7) 



FROM THE NEW- YORK TABLET. 



ALLEN'S LATIN COURSE. 

This school course of Latin will, we think, be favorably received in 
our schools and colleges. It is undoubtedly one of the very best rudi- 
mental courses yet published in America. The Primer and Lessons are 
excellent primary books, and the Grammar is also admirably adapted to 
facilitate the study of the noblest of languages, living or dead. The 
Reader is, as may be seen from the names of the authors given in the 
title, a judicious selection of choice extracts from the very best Latin 
classics. Altogether, we can safely recommend Allen's Course, whether 
for schools or colleges. 

MADVIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 

This large and complete Grammar will be found well adapted to more 
advanced classes of Latin students. It is, perhaps, the fullest, and most 
profound Latin Grammar yet published in this country. It presents a 
radical and analytical study of the great and perfect language which is 
the medium of learned communication between all the nations of the 
Western World. 



CRAIK'S ENGLISH OF SHAKESPEARE. 

This work is one of rare value to the students of philology, in particu- 
lar, and to the learned in general. It displays much patient research, 
careful investigation, and earnest thought. People of cultivated taste 
will wish to have such a book for reference ; they will read it too with 
pleasure as a learned treatise on what was not only the " English of 
Shakespeare," but of the Elizabethan Age. 



OUR WORLD. 

This is an excellent Geography for children ; it has in it nothing of 
the dryness or tedium that is so trying to young beginners in geography, 
as in other branches of knowledge. The aim of the accomplished author 
is evidently to impart as much knowledge as she can in the way most 
attractive to children. Her Geography may be called, and really is, a 
popularized geography for children. The maps and illustrations are in 
very good taste. 

(8) 



COURSE OF LATIN STUDY, 



PREPARED BY W. F. AND J. H. ALLEN. 



1. MANUAL LATIN GRAMMAR, pp.148. The first edi- 
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It is believed to be sufficiently complete for all the needs of the ordinary 
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2. LATIN LESSONS, pp.138. Consisting of a carefully 
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Cassar, followed by half the First Book of the Gallic War, and exercises in 
Prosody ; with Notes and Vocabulary. Price, $1.25. 

N.B. When used in commencing a course of Latin Study, the Grammar and Lessons 
should be used together. 

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Terence, Cicero, Pliny, and Tacitus, with Notes and a General Vocabulary 
of Latin, of more than 16,000 words. Price, §2.50. 

4. LATIN PRIMER, pp. 155. By J. H. Allen. This 
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for reading. Price, $1.25. 

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Containing a thorough review of the principles of Syntax, with exercises, 
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English-Latin Vocabulary. Price, $1.25. 

These books may be had at the following rates, for examination . 

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Tables, 10 cts. single ; 75 cts. per dozen ; $5.00 per hundred 



ALLEN'S 



LATIN GRAMMAR, LESSONS, AND READER. 



Notice.- The Lath Reader of this course having been adopted at 
Exeter and elsewhere as an equivalent for Ccesar, the publication 
ofCczsar's Civil War, heretofore announced, will be postponed. 



From Professor Whitney, of Tale College. 

New Haven, Nov. 4, 1868. 

We are very favorably impressed here by Professor Allen's work and 
as you wUl see in the College Catalogue, when it appears, have taken * 
a theltandard for the knowledge of Latin grammar which shall be 
expeeted of those who present themselves for entrance to the Sheffield 
So School. My confidence in the learning and the .pint ol Us 
authors is very high. 

From Professor Magill, of Swarthmore College, Pa. 

This unpretending, yet most excellent little book, well mastered will 
m 2 far mo accuse and thorough Latin scholars than the pamfnl and 
di coutging study of the more voluminous grammars in common use 
Among so much that is excellent it is difficult to particulate ; but I my 
tZ on the condensed view of the conjugations of the verbs ; the tru y 
pSophieal treatment of the subjunctive, and the article on the ouanUtv 

X-^eat satisfaction to find several subjects abridged and pre 
sented in almost the identical form which I found it necessary to adopt 
for years in the practical work of the class-room. 



From Henry F. Munroe, of the High School, Chicago. 

Chicago, March 18, 1870. 

Let me express my hearty approbation of these little volumes, and 
my entire satisfaction with the practical trial I have given them. My 
class is very large, comprising the entire Junior Class in the High School, 
numbering nearly 120 pupils. So you will perceive that I must have all 
grades of ability, and that no particular portion of the books has been 
marked by difficulties peculiar to itself, since the studious portion of the 
class advances quite smoothly from one subject to another, and those of 
lower ability needed as much instruction in simple lessons as in the more 
difficult. 

At first, the seemingly indiscriminate use of prepositions was a great 
obstacle in the way of our progress. But as the pupil was taught by 
your w T ell-arranged Exercises to distinguish between the relations expressed 
by case-endings, and those expressed by prepositions, the trouble gradu- 
ally disappeared. 

Candidly, I do not think that you would be a gainer by making any 
great change in either of your books. You have followed out all the 
salient points in the elementary study of Latin ; and after a few para- 
digms have been thoroughly mastered, the Lessons become, with me at 
least, the chief book. The grammatical relations are all so well provided 
for in the Exercises, that very little " Gerund grinding " is needed from 
the Grammar. I think that the books are excellent as they are ; but if 
any change should be made, it seems to me that even less Grammar, if 
possible, should be given, and more copious exercises, involving as far as 
was practicable the use of complete sentences instead of phrases. 



From S. H. Taylor, Andover. 

Andover, Sept. 1, 1868. 

It contains all the general principles of the language, clearly and con- 
cisely stated, and is sufficiently full to meet the ordinary wants o( the 
pupil in the early part of his course. I am glad to see a Latin Grammar 
in so compact, and yet so complete, a form. It is very happily adapted 
to smooth the path of the pupil in the study of the Latin language. 



From the Nation. 

Allen's Latin Grammar Manual. — At a time when classical studies 
have been assailed rigorously as, at best, involving an unprofitable use of 
time, the text-books in mathematics and the physical sciences, and even 
in the modern languages, have become excellent in plan and arrangement, 
while the Latin and Greek grammars have been neither well-arranged 
nor correct, and far, indeed, from being interesting ; and classical studies 
have suffered seriously from the bad text-books from which they have 
had to be pursued. 

The book before us seems to us the first successful attempt to remedy 
the difficulties we have indicated. The Messrs. Allen have begun by 
rejecting courageously a great deal of information contained in the old 
grammars which is unnecessary for beginners, including some things 
which the more advanced Latin scholars must know ; but the book, as 
they take pains to say in their preface, is intended for learners, not for 
teachers, and the latter must look elsewhere for information upon the 
nicer points of the language. 

Grammar is, after all, a somewhat abstruse science, and the attempt to 
simplify its language is, therefore, difficult ; but we think that all must 
admit that the Messrs. Allen have been very fortunate, and certainly far 
more successful than any of their predecessors. 

They deserve the thanks, not only of beginners, but of all Latin scholars, 
for doing so much to clear up the subject of the subjunctive mood, which 
other grammarians have made a very slough of despond, in which many 
a journey to the land of classical learning when well begun has prema- 
turely ended. 



From Prof. Kendrick, Rochester University. 

Rochester, Nov. 10, 1869. 
Dear Sir, — Will you pardon my delay in acknowledging the in 
every way admirable and elegant "Latin Reader," by Messrs. Allen, 
which you had the kindness to send me. It is quite unique, and in its 
selections, notes, vocabulary, and typographical execution, seems equally 
excellent. 



From President White, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Ithaca, N.Y., Sept. 5, 1868. 

Accept my sincere thanks for your "Latin Grammar." It gives some 
hope for classical scholarship. I have been long convinced that the most 
dangerous foes of classical studies are not the men who decry them, — 
the Philistines, — but the men who smother them, — the Pedants. If 



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